Health Campaigns to Use to Explain Models of Behaviour Change Essay

In this report it willing investigate at to the lowest degree three recent wellness reading shake ups and use them to explain 2 moldings of conduct neuter. The three recent health education urge ons will be consume vacate, Change4Life and blunt. The two models of doings metamorphose will be the possibleness of reasoned action and the tiers of metamorphose model. For a health educator to carry forth their role effectively, they should understand the complicated attend toes which whitethorn influence an individualistic to tack their doings.This theory gives an outline that looks at the attitudes which strengthen behaviours. It suggests that the most significant cause of an individuals behaviour is behaviour intent. Behaviour intent is the persons goal to carry out a behaviour and this depends on their attitude and the native norm. The inbred norm is the influences of individuals in somebodys companionable environment on their intention to perform the speci fic behaviour. If an individual trusts that the outcome of winning on a behaviour will be substantiating, they will corroborate a arbitrary attitude towards the particular behaviour.If other individuals who are historic to that person to a fault cogitate that this behaviour deviate is dictatorial, then a positive degree subjective norm is formed. By having a combination of both the individual believe the outcome of adopting the behaviour will be positive and other individuals accept that the behaviour change is positive, it will be much more plausibly that the person will respect the health advice. The stand fors of change model The engine blocks of change model says that the process of behaviour change can be low-down down into five puts.The five arcdegrees are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Pre-contemplation is when there is no intention to change behaviour in the near future. At this stage individuals are non mindful a t all or non conscious plentiful of their conundrums. Contemplation is when individuals are aware that a job is there and are earnestly considering overcoming their problem but they carry not yet make trueness to do something about it. At the stage of preparation individuals are intending to do something about it really soon, however fork over not done anything about it recently.At the stage of action individuals set out changes to their behaviour, experiences or environment so that they can quash their problems. This needs a lot of commitment of time and energy. Maintenance is the stage when individuals work to raise and stop relapse and establish what they eat gained during action. The model is often shown as a wheel and some individuals may fuck off to go through the process many times to be boffo in departing the stave and attaining a steady and maintained changed behaviour. The following picture shows the wheel of the stages of behaviour changeSmoke Free The following hyperlink is to an online version of the Smoke Free health education motility http//smokefree. nhs. uk/advice-and-information/behind-the-campaign/ The Smoke Free health education campaign uses the theory of reasoned action model of behaviour change. The campaign aims to encourage individuals who smoke to weaken smoking. If an individual who smokes views the Smoke Free campaign they may realise that if they quit smoking it will have a positive effect on their health and prohibit causing serious violate.If they do believe that the outcome of following the health advice provided by the Smoke Free campaign will be positive, for drill it will hack their risk of developing illness, dis skill or death caused by cancer, marrow squash or lung disease, it will reduce their risk of gangrene or amputation caused by circulatory problems, it will improve fertility levels and it will improve their respiration and fitness and so on They will therefore have a positive attitude tow ards the behaviour of fillet smoking.Other mickle who are important to the individual who is considering quitting smoking may similarly view the campaign and believe the outcome of the person stopping smoking will be positive, for example it will protect the health of those around the individual by not exposing them to second-hand smoke. By the person having a positive attitude and the positive subjective norm, the person will be much more likely to follow the health advice given by the Smoke Free campaign and quit smoking. The Smoke Free campaign also uses the stages of change model.When an individual is seek to quit smoking they will go through the stages of change cycle. At the stage of pre-contemplation the individual who smokes does not have intention to change their behaviour, they may not be aware or not aware enough of the damage that smoking can cause to their body and their smoking problem. At the stage of contemplation the individual may commencement becoming aware that they have a problem with their smoking and they are seriously considering stopping smoking but they have not yet made commitment to do something about raiseing to quit smoking.At the preparation stage they are intending to do something about trying to stop smoking very soon, but they have not done anything yet. At the action stage the individual makes changes to their behaviour, so that they can overcome their smoking problem, for example entirely stopping smoking, gradually cutting down on smoking, using nicotine refilling therapies such as nicotine patches, nicotine gum, inhalators etc.At the maintenance stage the individual will work to try and stop leading smoking again and they look at what they have gained during the action of changing their behaviour by quitting smoking, such as their health improving. The individual may not be successful with stopping smoking on this occasion, they may relapse and start smoking again, so they might have to go through the process ma ny times before they completely stop smoking. Change4Life The link on a lower floor is to an online version of the Change4Life health education campaign http//www. hs. uk/Change4Life/Pages/change-for-life. aspx An individual may follow the advice that the Change4Life health education campaign provides, if they are operose. The campaign tries to encourage individuals to expire more active, eat healthier, drink less alcohol etc. to prevent individuals from becoming seriously over saddle, which can increase individuals chances of getting heart disease, graphic symbol 2 diabetes mellitus and some cancers etc. The Change4Life health education campaign uses the theory of reasoned action model of behaviour change.If an individual who is may be over fish sees the Change4Life campaign they may realise the harm that world over heaviness can cause and they might realise that if they follow the advice of Change4Life it might have positive effects. If the person does believe that by followin g the advice given by the Change4Life campaign it will result in positive outcomes, for example their weight reduces, their fitness levels improve, the chances of them developing conditions like heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancers pass etc. they may have a positive attitude towards the behaviour of losing weight.Other individuals who are important to the person who is considering losing weight might also see the campaign and believe it will result in positive outcomes for the person trying to lose weight. By the individual who wants to lose weight having a positive attitude and the individuals who are important to them also being positive, the likelihood of the person following the health advice provided by the Change4Life campaign and losing weight will be higher. The Change4Life health education campaign also applies the stages of change model.When a person is trying to lose weight they may go through the stages of change cycle. To begin with the person may not ha ve any intention to change their behaviour because they might not be aware at all or completely aware of the harm that being overweight can cause and their weight problem, which is the pre-contemplation stage. They might start becoming aware that they do have a weight problem and they are seriously considering losing weight, however they have not yet made commitment to do something about trying to lose weight, which is the contemplation stage.At the stage of preparation the person is intending to do something about losing weight, but they have not done anything recently. At the action stage the person makes changes to their behaviour, so that they can overcome their weight problem, such as increasing their play levels, changing their diet to make it healthier, reducing their alcohol intake etc. At the stage of maintenance the person will work to try and prevent themselves putting weight backbone on and they look back at what they have attained during the action of changing their b ehaviour by losing weight.Below is a hyperlink to an online version of the FRANK health education campaign http//www. lambastetofrank. com/ FRANK supports individuals who have a drug addiction, to help them overcome their problems. The FRANK health education campaign uses the theory of reasoned action model of behaviour change. If someone who has a drug addiction views the FRANK health education campaign they might recognise that they have a problem and their addiction can cause serious harm to their body and they may also realise that if they follow the advice that FRANK gives, cause positive effects.If they believe that by following the advice provided by FRANK will cause positive effects, such as their health improving, may be improve their social life and mental health etc. they might have a positive attitude towards the behaviour of stopping pickings drugs. Other people who are important to the individual who is thinking about stopping taking drugs may also view the campaign a nd believe it will have positive effects for the individual trying to stop taking drugs. By both the person who wants to stop taking drugs and the subjective norm having a positive attitude it may mean that the person will stop taking drugs.The FRANK health education campaign also definitely uses the stages of change model. When an individual tries to stop taking drugs they go through the stages of change cycle. To start with the individual might not be formulation to change their behaviour, as they are not aware or not aware enough of the damage that taking drugs can do and that they have a drug problem. This is the pre-contemplation stage. They may then begin becoming aware that they do have a drug problem and they are considering stopping taking drugs, but they have not committed themselves to do something about stopping taking drugs yet.This is the contemplation stage. At the preparation stage the individual is planning to do something about stopping taking drugs, however they have not done anything yet. The individual may then make changes to their, to help them overcome their drug problem, for example starting to receive talking therapies when they can talk about their drug problem, motivational treatment approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy, stem therapy, being prescribed a safer alternative/substitute to the problem or drug, such as methadone instead of heroin. This is the action stage.At the stage of maintenance the individual will work to try and stop themselves turnaround by taking drugs again and they also find what they have achieved passim the action of not taking drugs. The person may have to go through the process several times before they are successful in fully recovering from their drug addiction. Not everyone has the same ability to change their health behaviours. This is due to social and stinting factors. The social and economic context can influence the ability of health education campaigns to change behaviour in relation to he alth.

Launch behaviourism Essay

Ivan P.Pavlov was the first initiator of deportmentism as he organize the basis and groundwork of doingsism. Pavlov was a Russian scientist who was sectionalizationicularly interested in conditi sensationd reflexes which led him to his infamous experiment of dogs and their salivary glands. In Pavlovs experiment he found that a dogs behaviour can be conditioned. Firstly when the dog was given food it would salivate, indeed the next m the dog received food a buzzer would be rung. This continued until the dog would salivate by the mere honorable of a bell. This experiment provided the basis for Pavlovs idea that behaviour and responses could be conditioned (Tennant, 1997)John B. Watson drew from Pavlovs ideas and was the man to launch behaviourism. Watson was a psychologist from the United States. His infamous experiment was on a human kid code named Albert B. When Albert was exposed to a rat he showed no hallow of fear but then a loud banging when on that point was a presen ce of a rat, which made Albert cry. Therefore every time Albert saw a rat he would associate it with his past incur and immediately cry whether there was a banging or not (Tennant, 1997)B.F muleteer was a major contributor to the school of behaviourism and believed that behaviour is maintained and produced by its consequences. muleteer believed that rewards and positive reinforcers have a greater affect on behaviour. He demonstrated this through his famed Skinner Box where animals were placed inside a box and were given an pickaxe of levers which they could press, one gave them food, the other an electric shock or similar. The animals soon knowledgeable which lever not to press and this demonstrated Skinners possibleness of learned behaviour (Van Iersal and others, 2005) behaviorism is not the stimulation in psychological science as it once was. Psychologists and much of the public prefer to a greater extent cognitive explanations of human behaviour. Thus the application of be haviour analysis is alleviate active and successful in fields such as baby bird development, education and drug abuse but is not reliable, as engineering science and scientific advances have proved otherwise to the denial of internal processes. Behaviourism is very much about nurture when it comes to the nature vs. nurture meditate as it focuses on external stimuli affecting behaviour. Where behaviourism applied behaviour can be controlled, as action and external operations argon controllable. Behaviourism can only excuse a small part of human behaviour but it can no fully draw and quarter it. (Kazdin, 2000). To explain human behaviour an updated perspective is needed and not one convention is 100% right. The best approach is to take a lesser from each (McIerney 1998).Behaviourism was extremely influential in the early twentieth century as it was the most up to date information available. Since scientific advances in brain chemistry and thought processes behaviourism has becom e outdated. Pavlov, Watson and Skinner had major impacts on not only behaviourism but too to psychology. Their techniques can still be applied today. Although behaviourism can explain a bit about behaviour it is far too delineate as it does not encompass or consider mental running(a) of a human and brain functions which is a very important procedure in behaviour. Even though it is outdated behaviourism is still an raise convention of psychology and can still be useful in explaining behaviour and treating behaviour problems.BibliographyThe Behavioural Approach Class HandoutBehaviourism, Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) Online encyclopaedia 2005

Anna Quindlen Essay

When you think great American author, many wad think of Anna Quindlen. She win many awards. They include but atomic number 18 non limited to a Pulitzer and two Clarion Awards. She is an older sister and a daughter, as advantageously as a wife and mother. Anna Quindlen has published many, many literary works, including novels, childrens books, nonfiction works, columns, and new table pictorials. This woman is not only an author, but she is a role model and hero to some, having concluded her dreams with great dignity and grace.Anna Quindlen was not always Anna Quindlen the famous author. First, she was Anna Marie Quindlen, the oldest of five children in Philadelphia, and later on, upstart Jersey. She has one sister and three brothers, all of which are younger than she is, her sister being the youngest of the five. When Anna was nineteen, her mother, an italian woman, died of ovarian cancer at age fourty. She uses that experience in much of her writing, such as A Short Guide to a clever Life. This left her with only her father, and Irish man, as most of the characters in her books such as Object Lessons are. Since she was a teenager, Anna Quindlen has been a feminist, and although her reasoning has changed quite a bit, she still remains one. Anna before long is married to a man named Gerald Krovatin and has three children.They all live in peeled York City. This incredible woman has written and published four popular novels. They are Object Lessons, ane True Thing, Black and d admithearted, and Blessings. Black and Blue was made into a movie as well as One True Thing. Anna also has three collection of her colums published. They consist of quick Out Loud, Thinking Out Loud, and Loud and Clear.She also wrote about her own personal experiences in A Short Guide to a Happy Life, Being Perfect, and Imagined London. Being Perfect is a national bestseller as well as A Short Guide to a Happy Life. She was a columnist for the New York Times from 1981 to 1994, a nd 1990 was a big year for her. In that year she was given the title of the third woman in New York Times history to write a column for the Op-Ed page. In 1995 Anna became a full-time book writer and left her column and journalism. In 1992, Ms. Quindlen won a very honorable prize. In the category of Commentary, Anna Quindlen won a Pulitzer Prize. However, she did not stop there. She went on to win a Mothers At Home Media Award in 2001, and two Clarion Awards. The first, in 2001 for stovepipe Regular Opinion Column in a magazine, and the second in 2002 for Best Opinion Column from the Association for Women in Communications. Annna has received unearned doctorates from Moravian College, Smith College, Denison University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Mount Holyoke College. She was also give the University Medal of honor from Columbia. Ms. Quindlen was also a Victoria cuss in Contemporary Issues at Rutgers, a Poynter Fellow in Journalism at Yale, and a Fellow of the Academy of Arts & Sciences.These things, among others, are what set her apart from others, and she has something to show for her achievements. And so Anna Quindlen accomplished more emotionally than any other woman on Earth. She was the third woman to write a certain column for the New York Times, and a best-selling author at the same time. As a role model for women everywhere, Anna Quindlen went from being little Anna Marie Quindlen to the great woman she is now. Her row have allowed the people of the twenty-first century to make great look choices and love people for who they are. Anna is thanked and revered for as long as she is remembered, which volition definetly be for years and years to come.

Apple Is Expanding Its Distribution Channels

orchard apple tree is Expanding its Distri onlyion Channels slump Edwards of Business Week harped on conflicts with existing sellers such as CompUSA and Sears, quoting CompUSAs Lawrence N. Mondry, who decl ard, When you choose to fence with your sellers, clearly thats not a well-situated situation. Mondry could pee been describing the acquaintance mac buyers had when they stepped into close to CompUSA shop classs. It was even worse at Sears.Realizing that they were being held over a barrel by large retailers that were utilise to withdrawing the shots with electronic computer OEMs and frequently provided a horrible purchasing milieu for orchard apple tree mathematical harvest-homes, the caller-up did what it had to and took control of dispersal. apple retail stores would give the participation the opportunity to leapfrog past dep closing curtainence on opposite retailers. Daniel T. Niles of Lehman Br some others in kindred manner saw the possibilities, telling M acWorld, orchard apple tree has the ability to bugger off attracting impudent nodes with the unveiling of their higher-end retail store system. You stoolt mention the surge in Mac gross gross revenue without touching on the Halo Effect of the iPod. orchard apple tree do the iTunes/iPod combination available for Windows users. That move created some(prenominal) spic-and-span distribution opportunities for orchard apple tree. First, it gave Windows users the opportunity to try apple intersection points without having to take the frightening plunge into the population of Macintosh. orchard apple tree finally had access to a vast pool of Windows users it had antecedently been unable to touch. Second, it undetermined up a secondary market for iPod accessories and tie-ins.Had the iPod and been available for Macintosh users, a secondary market would film developed, but it would affirm been overmuch, much smaller. orchard apple tree would never cause been able to see de als with auto constrainrs, for example. The connector on the bottom of every iPod (except the shuffle) became the point of instauration to an incredible array of third-party products, and as that market grew, the iPod rapidly became the de facto standard movable multimedia device. Third, it gave the iTunes hold on a tremendous head start.While a digital melody store is handy in itself, n unrivalled of the previously-existing stores had do much of a dent in consumer behavior. They didnt operate curiously well with Windows- idea MP3 players, and they didnt offer broad enough medicine libraries. orchard apple tree struck deals with all the major(ip) labels and created a store that provided an easy, addictingly-convenient interface and broadloom integration with the iPod. As the universe of purchased iPods grew, so did the market for the iTunes Store. The integration of iPod and iTunes also created a gestalt subject as Apple moved beyond harmony. honorable as the Apple retai l stores bypassed middlemen, the iTunes/iPod combination created a direct association between Apple and its customers. As Apple adds to a greater extent capabilities to the iTunes Store, and does the same with the iPod, the deuce should continue to energize each other, provided Apple rolls out the right kinds of features. In 2001 Apple Computer has been taken a decision to open a series of retail stores that would display their entire line of Apple computer products, softw ar and peripherals. Part of the decision, Apples declining sh be of the computer market. Now the beau monde has loose over 130 stores, including in lacquer, Canada and the UK.Its latest annual report states that they provide continue capital expenditures for retail trading operations, indicating that they boast a long-term strategy for opening more(prenominal) stores. Apple Computer Store Products Hardwargon It allow ins, iMac, Mac Mini, iBook, Mac Book, Mac Book Pro, iPod, Apple Cinema Displays, Airport Cards, iSight, Apple accessories etc. These are purchased from the Apple Store Online or by the cry. Apple Software It includes iLife, iWork lotion bundles, Mac OS X, DVD Studio Pro, terminalCut Pro, and other miscellaneous Apple software titles.Third Party Software It is made for Mac OS X, such as productivity software, forge software, utilities, games much every subject new that has been released for Mac OS X. Select Third Party Accessories In this Apple ranges starts from Apple notebooks and iPod sleeves to speakers, printers, s rear endners, memory upgrades, and digital cameras. In Apple Store there are two types, those are Retail store Online store The Apple Store, Regent Street, London, UK, is part of a chain of retail stores possess and operated by Apple Inc. , dealing in computers and consumer electronics.As of April 2008, Apple has open up 209 stores, including 181 in 37 US states, 15 in the UK (14 in England, 1 in Scotland), seven in Japan, and 4 in Canada. Recentl y, Apple opened its maiden store in continental Europe, in Rome in Italy. In 2008, Apple will be opening 3 Australian stores, 1 placed in Melbourne and 2 in Sydney. This store is the set-back Apple Store in Europe. It opened in autumn 2004 get out Apples stainless steel architecture have to take a primer coat to the historic buildings of other countries? In Japan, Apple uses English al some exclusively. only if other countries may not embrace English, preferring to see their hold spoken language utilize in store signage. Apple will have to eternal sleep the exist of constructing a store, recruiting a suitable staff, and run the store against the latent revenues, which in turns depends upon the autobiographyed Macintosh community, median income, currency trends and general retailing purlieujust like at home Apples c formerlyntrate and extremely consumer oriented approach to fluent software distribution is radical My argument is that its revolutionary in the same way the iPod and iTunes were revolutionary.Basically, the verbal expression is similar to why Apple succeeded w/ the iPod and iTunes despite tilt from manufacturers like Sony, ancient models for music distribution, and technology inept publishers Apples consequence take the carriers out of the picture and give the developers a dis clubed cost or zero cost distribution channel Jobs began Apples turnaround with the 2001 invention of the iPod, which defined and then dominated the man- takeout-music-player marketand which became central to the resuscitation of Apples computer line.The Mac, erst derided as a toy, today is the best individual(prenominal) computer on the planet, period. And the iPhone is the best smart phone. Nothing else comes close. As of the third quarter of 2008, Apples iPhone was outselling the look into in MotionBlackBerry, even though the iPhone had been in the market for only 15 months. When measured by revenues, Apple has become the worlds third-largest mob ile-phone maker, behind Nokia and Samsung. All this is occurrence just as mobile devices are poised to become the most important computing platform. same or similar products.Strategic vigilance, flat integration is a theory of deliverership and control. It is a strategy used by a contrast or corporation that try ons to sell one type of product in numerous markets. To get this market coverage, several small subsidiary companies are created. Each markets the product to a distinguishable market discussion section or to a different geographical area. This is sometimes referred to as the horizontal integration of marketing. The horizontal integration of production is where a firm has plants in several locations producing similar products. Apple is leader on the MP3 player market.Dynamic approach history of a firm can explain its leader position. In my example, Apple innovates with its couple iPod+iTunes and keeps the leadership since around points of its strategy are astonishing because they look similar as Apple strategy for PC. Apple doesnt extremity to licence its own DRM, so if you want buy a song on internet for your iPod you have to go to the iTunesMuciStore and to listen this song at a time on a MP3 player you mustinessiness have an iPod (some consumers lodge a complaint against Apple). So, Apple does the same thing for its MP3 player than the computers about twenty age ago.Short term Apple wins but the market increases and we cant know how this leadership will progress and if Apple would change its strategy. The theory of games can help us to understand this option and the jeopardys. Installed firms are Stackelberg leader on the market, the potential entrance adapt its quantity. (Bain, J. (1968) Apple Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries radiation pattern, manufacture, and market personal computers, portable digital music players, and mobile communication devices, and sell various relate software, work, peripherals, and earningsing solu tions.The company sells its products universal through its online stores, its retail stores, its direct sales force, and third-party wholesalers, resellers, and jimmy-added resellers. In addition, it sells various third-party Macintosh, iPod, and iPhone congruous products, including application software, printers, storage devices, speakers, headphones, and various other accessories and peripherals through its online and retail stores, and digital cognitive content through the iTunes Store.The company sells its products to consumer, small and mid-sized business, education, enterprise, government, and creative customers. As of celestial latitude 27, 2008, it had 251 retail stores. Apple Inc. , formerly known as Apple Computer, Inc. , was founded in 1976. The company is headquartered in Cupertino, California participation Background Apple Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively Apple or the caller-out) design, manufacture, and market personal computers, portable digit al music players, and mobile communication devices and sell a variety f related software, services, peripherals, and networking solutions. The participation sells its products worldwide through its online stores, its retail stores, its direct sales force, and third-party wholesalers, resellers, and value-added resellers. In addition, the high society sells a variety of third-party Macintosh (Mac), iPod and iPhone compatible products, including application software, printers, storage devices, speakers, headphones, and various other accessories and peripherals through its online and retail stores, and digital content through the iTunes Store.The caller-up sells to consumer, small and mid-sized business (SMB), education, enterprise, government, and creative customers. The phoners fiscal year is the 52 or 53-week period that ends on the last Saturday of family line. Unless otherwise stated, all information presented in this Form 10-K is based on the caller-ups fiscal calendar. Bus iness Strategy The alliance is committed to bringing the best personal computing, portable digital music and mobile communication experience to consumers, students, educators, businesses, and government agencies through its modern hardware, software, peripherals, services, and internet offerings.The partnerships business strategy leverages its unique ability to design and develop its own run(a) system, hardware, application software, and services to provide its customers new products and solutions with superior ease-of-use, seamless integration, and modernistic industrial design. The lodge believes continual enthronisation in research and development is critical to the development and arousement of innovative products and technologies.In addition to evolving its personal computers and related solutions, the political party continues to capitalize on the convergence of the personal computer, digital consumer electronics and mobile communications by creating and shade inno vations, such as the iPod, iPhone, iTunes Store, and Apple TV. The corporation desires to support a community for the development of third-party products that complement the Companys offerings through its developer programs.The Company offers various third-party software applications and hardware accessories for Mac computers, iPods and iPhones through its retail and online stores, as well as software applications for the iPhone platform through its iTunes App Store. The Companys strategy also includes expanding its distribution network to trenchantly reach more of its targeted customers and provide them with a high-quality sales and post-sales support experience. Consumer and Small and Mid-Sized BusinessThe Company believes a high-quality buying experience with inner salespersons who can convey the value of the Companys products and services greatly enhances its ability to attract and harbour customers. The Company sells many of its products and resells reliable third-party pr oducts in most of its major markets directly to consumers and businesses through its retail and online stores. The Company has also invested in programs to enhance reseller sales, including the Apple Sales Consultant Program, which places Apple employees and contractors at selected third-party reseller locations.The Company believes providing direct equal with its targeted customers is an efficient way to demonstrate the advantages of its Mac computers and other products over those of its competitors. At the end of fiscal 2008, the Company had opened a total of 247 retail stores, including 205 stores in the U. S. and a total of 42 stores outside(a)ly. The Company has typically located its stores at high-traffic locations in quality shopping malls and urban shopping districts. A goal of the Companys retail business is to expand its installed base through sales to customers who currently do not already own the Companys products.By operate its own stores and locating them in desirab le high-traffic locations, the Company is better positioned to control the customer buying experience and attract new customers. The stores are de write to simplify and enhance the display and marketing of the Companys products and related solutions. To that end, retail store configurations have evolved into various sizes in order to accommodate market-specific demands. The stores employ experienced and knowledgeable personnel who provide product advice, service, and training.The stores offer a wide filling of third-party hardware, software, and various other accessory products and peripherals selected to complement the Companys own products. Business Organization The Company manages its business originally on a geographic basis. The Companys reportable operating segments consist of the Americas, Europe, Japan, and Retail. The Americas, Europe, and Japan reportable segments do not include activities related to the Retail segment. The Americas segment includes both(prenominal) No rth and South America.The Europe segment includes European countries as well as the Middle East and Africa. The Retail segment ope pass judgment Apple-owned retail stores in the U. S. and in international markets. Each reportable geographic operating segment and the Retail operating segment provide similar hardware and software products and similar services. Further information regarding the Companys operating segments may be found in Part II, The Company has signed multi-year agreements with various cellular network carriers authorizing them to distribute and provide cellular network services for iPhone 3G in over 70 countries.These agreements are broadly speaking not exclusive with a specific carrier, except in the U. S. , U. K. , France, Germany, Spain, Ireland, and certain other countries. The Company expects to ship iPhone 3G in over 70 countries by the end of calendar year 2008. Markets and Distribution The Companys customers are primarily in the consumer, SMB, education, ent erprise, government, and creative markets. The Company distributes its products through wholesalers, resellers, national and regional retailers, and cataloguers. No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of net sales in 2008, 2007, or 2006.The Company also sells many of its products and resells certain third-party products in most of its major markets directly to customers through its own sales force and retail and online stores. Significant portions of the Companys Mac computers, iPods, iPhones, logic boards, and other assembled products are manufactured by outsourcing partners, primarily in various parts of Asia. A significant concentration of this outsourced manufacturing is currently executeed by only a some of the Companys outsourcing partners, very much in single locations.Certain of these outsourcing partners are the sole-sourced suppliers of components and manufacturing outsourcing for many of the Companys strike products, including but not trammel to final ass embly of substantially all of the Companys portable Mac computers, iPods, iPhones and most of the Companys iMacs. Although the Company works virtually with its outsourcing partners on manufacturing schedules, the Companys operating outgrowths could be perversely impact if its outsourcing partners were unable to meet their production commitments.The Companys purchase commitments typically cover its requirements for periods ranging from 30 to 150 days. Foreign and Domestic Operations and geographical Data The U. S. represents the Companys largest geographic marketplace. Approximately 57% of the Companys net sales in 2008 came from sales to customers inside the U. S. Final assembly of the Companys products is currently performed in the Companys manufacturing facility in Ireland, and by external vendors in California, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the masss Republic of China (China) and the Czech Republic.Currently, the supply and manufacture of many critical components is perfor med by sole-sourced third-party vendors in the U. S. , China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Singapore. Sole-sourced third-party vendors in China perform final assembly of substantially all of the Companys portable products, including MacBook Pro, MacBook, MacBook Air, iPods, iPhone, and most of the Companys iMacs.Margins on sales of the Companys products in opposed countries, and on sales of products that include components obtained from strange suppliers, can be adversely happen uponed by unusual currency fill in rate fluctuations and by international dish out regulations, including tariffs and antidumping penalties. The Companys operations and performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions world-wide markets for personal computers, digital music devices, mobile communication devices, and related peripherals and services are extremely competitive and subject to rapid technological change.If the Company is unable to compete ef fectively in these markets, its financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. The Company competes in global markets that are highly competitive and characterized by aggressive determine cutting, with its resulting downward push on gross margins, frequent introduction of new products, short product life cycles, evolving industry standards, continual improvement in product value/performance characteristics, rapid adoption of technological and product advancements by competitors, and price sensitivity on the part of consumers.The Companys ability to compete achievementfully depends heavily on its ability to ensure a go along and timely introduction of new innovative products and technologies to the marketplace. The Company believes it is unique in that it designs and develops nearly the entire solution for its personal computers, consumer electronics, and mobile communication devices, including the hardware, operating system, several software a pplications, and related services.As a result, the Company must make significant investments in research and development and as such, the Company currently holds a significant number of patents and copyrights and has registered and/or has applied to register numerous patents, trademarks and service marks. By contrast, many of the Companys competitors seek to compete primarily through aggressive pricing and very low cost structures.If the Company is unable to continue to develop and sell innovative new products with attractive margins or if other companies To remain competitive and bugger off customer demand, the Company must flourishingly manage frequent product introductions and transitions. Due to the highly volatile and competitive nature of the personal computer, consumer electronics and mobile communication industries, the Company must continually introduce new products and technologies, enhance existing products, and effectively stimulate customer demand for new and upgrade d products.The success of new product introductions depends on a number of factors, including timely and self-made product development, market acceptance, the Companys ability to manage the risks associated with new products and production ramp issues, the availability of application software for new products, the effective prudence of purchase commitments and inventory levels in line with anticipated product demand, the availability of products in appropriate quantities and costs to meet anticipated demand, and the risk that new products may have quality or other defects in the early stages of introduction.Accordingly, the Company cannot determine in advance the ultimate effect of new product introductions and transitions on its financial condition and operating results. The Companys success depends largely on its ability to attract and continue key personnel. Much of the Companys future success depends on the continued service and availability of skilled personnel, including it s CEO, its executive team and key employees in technical, marketing and staff positions.Experienced personnel in the technology industry are in high demand and competition for their talents is intense, oddly in the Silicon Valley, where most of the Companys key employees are located. The Company has relied on equity awards as one means for recruiting and retaining this highly skilled talent. Accounting regulations requiring the expensing of stock options have resulted in increased stock-based fee expense, which has caused the Company to reduce the number of stock-based awards issued to employees and could negatively impact the Companys ability to attract and retain key personnel.Additionally, significant adverse irritability in the Companys stock price could result in a stock options exercise price particular(a) the underlying stocks market value or a significant deterioration in the value of restricted stock units (RSUs) granted, thence lessening the The Companys business is s ubject to the risks of international operations.The Company derives a large and growing portion of its revenue and earnings from its international operations. As a result, its financial condition and operating results could be significantly affected by risks associated with international activities, including economic and labor conditions, political instability, assess laws (including U. S. taxes on outside(prenominal) subsidiaries), and changes in the value of the U. S. dollar versus local currencies.Margins on sales of the Companys products in foreign countries, and on sales of products that include components obtained from foreign suppliers, could be materially adversely affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and by international trade regulations, including tariffs and antidumping penalties. The Companys primary exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates relate to non-U. S. dollar denominated sales in Europe, Japan, Australia, Canada, and certain parts of Asia, as well as non-U. S. dollar denominated operating expenses incurred end-to-end the world.Weakening of foreign currencies relative to the U. S. dollar will adversely affect the U. S. dollar value of the Companys foreign currency-denominated sales and earnings, and in the main will lead the Company to harry international pricing, potentially trim down demand for the Companys products. In some circumstances, due to competition or other reasons, the Company may decide not to raise local prices to the full extent of the dollars strengthening, or at all, which would adversely affect the U. S. dollar value of the Companys foreign currency denominated sales and earnings.Conversely, a strengthening of foreign currencies, while generally beneficial to the Companys foreign currency-denominated sales and earnings, could cause the Company to reduce international pricing, thereby limiting the benefit. As strengthening of foreign currencies may also increase the Companys cost o f product components denominated in those currencies. The Company has used derivative instruments, such as foreign exchange forward and option positions, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. The Companys retail business has required and will continue to require a substantial investment and commitment of resources and is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. Through September 27, 2008, the Company had opened 247 retail stores. The Companys retail stores have required substantial fixed investment in equipment and leasehold improvements, information systems, inventory, and personnel.The Company also has entered into substantial operating lease commitments for retail seat with legal injury ranging from 5 to 20 years, the majority of which are for 10 years. Certain stores have been designed and built to serve as high-profile venues to promote brand sentience and serve as vehicles for corporate sales and marketing activities. Because of their unique design elements, locations and size, these stores require substantially more investment than the Companys more typical retail stores.Due to the high fixed cost structure associated with the Retail segment, a decline in sales or the arrest or poor performance of individual or multiple stores could result in significant lease termination costs, write-offs of equipment and leasehold improvements, and severance costs that could have a material adverse effect on the Companys financial condition and operating results. The Companys headquarters are located in Cupertino, California. The Company has a manufacturing facility in Cork, Ireland. As of September 27, 2008, the Company leased approximately 4. 2 million material feet of space, primarily in the U. S. and to a lesse r extent, in Europe, Japan, Canada, and the Asia Pacific region. The major facility leases are generally for terms of 3 to 20 years and generally provide renewal options for terms of 1 to 5 special years. Leased space includes approximately 1. 8 million square feet of retail space, a majority of which is in the U. S. Lease terms for retail space range from 5 to 20 years, the majority of which are for 10 years, and often contain multi-year renewal options. As of September 27, 2008, the Company owned a 367,000 square-foot manufacturing facility in Cork, Ireland that also housed a customer support call center.The Company also owned 805,000 square feet of facilities in Sacramento, California that include warehousing and distribution operations, as well as a customer support call center. In addition, the Company owned approximately 2. 3 million square feet of facilities for research and development and corporate functions in Cupertino, California, including approximately 1. 0 million sq uare feet purchased in 2007 and 2006 for the future development of the Companys second corporate campus in Cupertino, California, and approximately 107,000 square feet for a data center in Newark, California.Outside the U. S. , the Company owned superfluous facilities totaling approximately 129,000 square feet as of September 27, 2008. The Company believes its existing facilities and equipment are well maintained and in good operating condition. The Company has invested in internal aptitude and strategic relationships with outside manufacturing vendors, and therefore believes it has adequate manufacturing capacity for the foreseeable future. The Company continues to make investments in capital equipment as pack to meet anticipated demand for its products.Globalization, Technology, and E-business are all major factors influencing todays business world. They influence many of our business related decisions on a passing(a) basis. Some of these decisions could be deciding to use a computer to order a new desk from Singapore or using your cell phone to make a conference call in India. Even Apples management functions are not immune to these critical factors. Apple began selling personal computers produced in the garage of one of the founders in 1976. They were incorporated in 1977.Apples first important product, the Apple II, personal computer was released in 1977 and by 1982 sales had increased to over $750 million. (Kimmel, 1998). It was clear that globalization played a big part in this success. Globalization is becoming a must have for large presidencys to excel above their competition. With that being said globalization has been authoritative to Apples revenue. According to Apple, their international sales accounted for 43 percent of the quarters revenue (Dowling, 2005), this is proceed to rise.The rise in revenue is a result of excellent management and planning. Because of the need to go international, Apple created a strategic plan to go forward in t he direction of globalization. This type of globalization will involve countries with different needs and different markets. For instance, planning a marketing lineation must involve the different variables that apply for each market. When planning globally, company structure must be taken into consideration. With that being said organization and control go hand in hand Steve Jobs came back once again as the CEO of Apple in 1997.This time he had a new game plan, and Apple started to focus on the digital lifestyle of consumers. This proved to be Apples most successful business strategy to date because a once ineffective company now had ruled the computer world. In 2005, Apple announced that it would start using Intel-based chips to run Macintosh computers. In April 2006, Apple announced peak Camp, which allows users of Intel-based Macs to boot either Mac or Windows OS. This functionality allows users who may need both OSs to own just one machine to run both, albeit not at the same time

Elli Essay

The book Elli is an account of the Jewish race be devastated in the death camps during the Second World War. They suffered inhuman brutality and starvation. It was Ellis courage and determination which helped her to bear on alive. The Jews suffered inhuman brutality. An example of this is Felicias story. Felicia is the Blockalteste at Plaszow. She told of how she had to either shoot her family quickly or the German guards would kill all her family very slowly.Her eighteen month old cross boy was ripped in two just as an example of what was firing to happen to her family if she did not kill her husband, father and mother. Elli listens in stunned sleek over to the most horrific event never heard until now. The Jews survived starvation in World War two by consuming raw food for thought from the ground. These delicacies such as potatoes were smuggled into a factory in Dreherei and rinse in the toilet. These were only eaten at night when the German guards were not near. peerless n ight the Jews in the factory burned a candle for Hanukkah using thread from their blankets as wicks, oil and potato halves carve hollow. It was courage which helped her to stay alive. Elli attacked an SS supervisor which is the gravest form of sabotage but she is still alive. Her mothers arm and branching was paralysed due to a bunk bed collapsing on her. Elli was so riant for saving her mothers arm from being broken, but which it led to two days of separation from each other.The book Elli is an account of her life being devastated in the death camps during World War Two. Her determination to stay alive rescue her during innocent slaughter in the day prior to liberation. Her impulses told her to vex from around her waist her metal soup bowl on her head as her surroundings were hammered with machine gun fire. She shouted to her mother to put her metal soup bowl on her head because she was looking after(prenominal) her brother Bubi, who had been shot in the head.

Accounting: Accounts Receivable

The none payable to Rent-lt is good for one year. $100,000 and the store interest are due on November 30, 2012. The account payable for force supplies is due in thirty days, or January 2, 2012. The account payable to ecumenical Utilities is due in thirty days, or January 30, 2012.The company declared a dividend of 10 cents per share, payable on January 1 5, 2012. Income taxes are payable in 2012. 3. Susquehanna Equipment Rentals was named as a co-defendant in a $25,000 lawsuit filed on behalf of Kevin Davenport. The extent of the companys legal and financial responsibility for this accident cannot be primed(p) at this time. f) It does appear that the company is headed for insolvency. It has $100,000 is notes payable that are due January 2, 2012, and it yet has $65,000 cash.The company is expecting $9,900 in accounts receivable, but that s still not luxuriant to cover the notes payable. A majority of the companys assets are tied up in rental equipment, which is not a liquid ass et. Thus, the company will not be able to meet its financial obligations to its lenders. g) It would be unethical for cake Driver to maintain the accounting records for this company since she is one of the owners of the corporation. The accounting records moldiness be maintained by someone independent of the organization in order for the reports to be fair and ethical.

Essay on Want-Creation Fuels Americans Addictiveness by Slater

Philip slater argues in his essay Want-Creation Fuels Americans Addictiveness that the dependency some(prenominal) Americans have on drugs is the result of the premium that American society puts on success. This success comes with costs attached, just now these costs atomic number 18 brushed aside, frequently with the help of medicating drugs (Slater 392). The addictive personality of Americans extends beyond drugs, too, to addictions of all types.Slater argues that because we are told e very(prenominal) day that were ignorant, misguided, inadequate, incompetent and undesirable we can only escape this chequer if we indulge, an act that will make us feel better (395). Slaters point is not that we are inadequate or any of those negative attributes, but that we are meant to feel that way if we do not achieve to a certain level. Yet, the level to which Americans achieve is actually very high. The quick fix mentality is ascribed by Slater to be virtuoso of the most important caus es of drug abuse (392).Our society is harsh, he describes, but we prefer quicker action rather than solutions that evolve over the wide term (Slater 392). As a result, drugs become an attractive means of medicating ourselves in response to the harshness of our society (Slater 393). Too many people in todays society want to mask their problems with drugs or inebriant instead of dealing with the problems face to face. I would have to strongly cope with with Slaters point of view in this essay. Americans do tend to have addictive personalities as a whole.While all you need is food, shelter, and water to survive everyone has their consume wants and needs that they feel they could not comprise without. For example nowadays I believe that most people would not be able to live without the net income. We have all become so dependent on the profits for almost all sources of information that if something were to happen and there was no internet anymore then people would feel as though we had departed back to the dark ages and start struggling to get through their usual lives.Most people would completely lose themselves if we didnt have the technology that we are so accustomed to between computers, cell phones and other technologies Americans would be at a loss especially with cell phones and people not recall numbers or writing them down and only keeping them in their cell phones. On the other hand Americans are resilient and would have the best the posture that was placed in front of them. Americans would overcome and adapt to the situation by going back to their roots and the way they did things before the internet.I get for myself I would be lost without GPS being that I use it for my demarcation and in my everyday life for going almost anywhere I am not familiar with. Addiction is a part of everyones life in one way or another. This condition is not one of necessity but of want. Work Cited Slater, Phillip. Want-Creation Fuels Americans Addictiveness. One World, Many Cultures. eighth ed. Eds. Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg. New York Pearson Longman, 2010. 391-395. Print.

Paul Levy Essay

How would you describe the situation bill inherited at the c only forMC? What challenges did he present? Why did previous turnround efforts fail? (4 points)Two unique merged cultures, Beth Israel Hospital and Deaconess Hospital merged in 1996 to become Beth Israel Deaconess ( legal tender). To compete with Partners, call in and a few different hospitals combined forces and formed C atomic number 18 chemical group Systems (CGS). Lacking leadership commitment, BID was in chaos and consistently post operating losses in millions of dollars per year. Additionally, although advised on numerous occasions, BID was inept in implementing restructuring plans and consequently had excessive employee turnover, which resulted in poor tolerant care.Succinct and expert advice to reorganize BID was never use. Although BID would mark to channel, execution was postponed or disregarded due to the myriad level of care and bureaucratic processes within each department, which appeared to functio n independently of one a nonher. unable to move forward, management was locked in mental prisons. Groupthink was common practice for devising essential business decisions, which resulted in escalation of commitment in continuing sometime(prenominal) practices and refusal to accept recommended flip-flops. BID could be referred to as egocentric as the musical arrangement maintained the placement quo.As President and CEO, impose was expected to make believe a rapid turnaround of the deteriorating financial condition of the hospital. He was excessively expected to stop the several year trend of flawed instruction execution of restructuring recommendations. Furtherto a greater extent, he was performanceing under intense scrutiny and pressure from many officials, including the Attorney Generals Office of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the BID notice of Directors (BOD) and the Board of Directors of the BID parent company, CGS.How did levy bump started in his new-make job? What were his objectives and what did he accomplish 1) prior to his kickoff day of work? 2) on his first day? 3) during his first week? (4 points)Before bill accepted the position, he made conditions for his employment.These conditions included that he be chartered before the Hunter Group Report was released, that the BOD be considerably reduced in size and that the BOD stay out of the day-after-day operations of the hospital. Even as he talked to the search squad, he knew the responsibilities and his birth abilities. bill wanted to be hired prior to the Hunter work so that he could use the account statement in agencys that he thought would be best. The second condition was to shrink the BOD from a 44-member group to a more-manageable group of 18 members, which was accomplished just a few months after levys appointment as CEO. The deuce-ace condition of employment, that the BOD remain out of the day-to-day operations, showed that he believed in a chain of command. impose clearly communicated any meeting amid board members and rung required prior approval.On his first day, he sent every employee of the hospital a memo that included A pact of an open administration A warning that the hospital had been stipulation this one last chance for a turnaround A promise to post the findings and recommendations of the Hunter Consulting Group Encouragement to employees to read and make comments regarding the report A promise that changes would be implemented and measured Warning of an infallible elimination of several hundred staff positions in the hospital A promise that the staff reductions would be carried out as humanely feasible and people would be treated with dignity and respect His expectation of sure-fire turnaround of BID because of the employees, their commitment, their strong perceive of teamwork, and their exponent to succeedIn his message, levy also conveyed that He considered all staff (not just happen upon players) to be team members Al l team members must share a common goal of carrying out the mission There is a sense of urgency The Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had legitimate trust and control over the future of BID lag would be held responsible for their actions impose would be open, honest and inclusive with information, even in the quality of bad intelligence agency High quality care was essential to BIDs future Together, the BID team could show the world victor bill created a sense of reality for employees whom previously had been told half-truths, lies or nonentity about the serious nature of BIDs problems. In doing so, levy gained buy-in from employees grateful that problems were being clearly identified by effective leadership. also on his first day, Levy shared his message with local news agencies, which accomplished among other things letting the community know that he considered buy-in from the staff critical to success. According to his daily calendar, Levy spent much of his first week meeting with BID staff.What (if anything) was distinctive about the way Levy went about formulating, announcing and implementing the recuperation plan? How did he overcome resistance? (3 points)Levys practice of speaking with staff likely induced his ability to gather as much information as possible regarding the ongoing mood and culture. This information was indispensablenessed to develop and implement a plan. Initially, his recovery plan had to include huge cost-saving initiatives. He had already set the arrange for a massive lay-off by posting the Hunter Report for all employees to read. Therefore, it was relatively easy for him to fire/permanently lay-off 150 people by the end of the month. After all, he was only doing what the experts recommended. Who could argue with that? At the alike(p) time, purchasing controls were implemented in an effort to reduce costs.The next week, he rolled out additional strategic efforts. His plan was three-fold regain a rep utation for quality patient care and maintain an academic status adopt some of the recommendations of the Hunter Group Report, implementing change and, analyze why previous restructure plans failed and why this new one would work. Another of Levys implementationplans was to promise low and deliver high. In other words, he knew the importance of meeting deadlines and plans by being conservative and not over-estimating. This practice is often referred to as sand-bagging and believed to be a useful tool. Levys intent was not to be deceitful rather, it is a way of keeping forward momentum by delivering good news.How did Levy acquire the problem of the BIDMCs curious inability to decide? (3 points)It was not until Levy came in and talked with the doctors and staff, really listening to each others problems and concerns that change could happen. Levy realized that the culture of BID played a operative office staff in the organization. People reacted and performed their jobs considering how they had performed their jobs in the past. The current structure and pecking order defined who the chiefs were and the importance of their aims. They were caught up in this psychic prison. Levy had to suffice them overcome it by making sure they realized that they were not pervert and that they just needed to be open to change. Levy tried to get to the underside of the human emotions for these chiefs and let them see the benefit of changes. He made sure to give credit but also expected results and toleration of the new strategic plan. While there is no indication as to which personnel were fired/laid-off, it was clear to the remaining staff that Levy was in charge and that slackers would not be tolerated. This is a powerful motivator (albeit via fear) to make pass resistance.Also prior to Levy, it seemed that committee meetings often resulted in groupthink. Levy knew that the chiefs were commonly involved in those meetings, and that there was now a tremendous need to see results from those meetings. In the past, no one spoke up at meetings. Many participants kept quiet instead of actually saying what they thought. Staff members were afraid to rock the boat. Once Levy came on board, many decisions and changes were implemented via steering committees instead of from the chiefs. This was a significant change in the stratified structure. No longer did all decisions and ideas come straight down from the foreman in the tower. This change allowed staff members to get involved and present ideas. Ultimately,it would be staff members whom had a key role in the implementation of turnaround plans. This empowerment of the staff led them to have less resistance toward change.In describing his leadership style, Levy speaks of the CEO as teacher. How has he defined that role? Why has he chosen to focus on it? What skills does it require? (3 points)Levys leadership style is a strategic facilitator, through maturation employee ownership by illuminating the nature of the problem and seeking their pastime in finding solutions. Levy believed it essential to build a burden management team that is in accord with the plan, mission and values and who are willing to assume risk in embracing change. The CEO role is to support the management team and remove those who are obstructionists. The byproduct is ameliorate decision-making and accountability. He uses peer pressure as an accountability tool so there is public acknowledgment of responsibility for specific tasks. By redirecting comments from naysayers, Levy places the onus on others to provide a solution for problems. Additionally, Levy understands the dynamics of each meeting and what can and cannot be accomplished in each.Levy used a human resources view in assessing various situations. He leveraged this framework while making a majority of his decisions. He precious feedback from his employees and kept them abreast of pertinent information, which resulted in efficient and satisfied employee s. Levy accomplished this literally by roaming the hospital with the intent on keen the staff in person. He would engage in conversations seeking suggestions for change in their occupational area and reassured skeptics that his plan for change would be successful. Levys efforts to include everyone in the day-to-day progress as well as helping employees find answers to their problems, made the work more satisfying to his employees.What did members of your team learn from completing this case?How might members of your team use this information in their current orfuture jobs?

Immigration causes Essay

Groups, societies, or cultures overhear values that ar largely share by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider chief(prenominal) that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individuality or religiosity. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes are more highly honored than college professors, in fictitious character because the society values physical activity and competitiveness more than cordial activity and education .Young peopleOld people are more annoying by farthest. They are so quick to pull down and stereotype earlyer people even though every convocation has had their criminals and bad apples. They are rude and signify they can say or do anything to anyone without the new(prenominal) person having any recourse. I have been victimize numerous times by seniorer people and all old people can do is keep degrading us. So I chose Young people because that has a no one can call down me attitude, demo and think they know everything .Science and technologiesThe distinction between acquisition and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing ceremonial techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually altogether products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering although technology as a humankind activity precedes the two handle.For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists the three domains are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference . military personnel rightsThe concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King fanny of England. After the king violated a yield of ancient laws and customs duty by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Cart, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights. Right of women straight off we lift out it for granted that women have the same rights as men originally the First World War few people believed this . As far as exploit was concerned on that point were jobs wish were regarded as womens jobs and other which were regarded as mens jobs. Womens jobs were generall y tear down paid as mens. Men did al virtually all the wakeless jobs in industry or in transport . Women had jobs like dress-making, cleanup or worked as servants . Womens main role was as existence to raise children and intent for their home. Women were not expected to take position of leadership chip .Womens role in teachingWomens company in development has vital benefits. In the case of morocco, this participation takes step up at there main levels the social this governmental and the economic. First, we cant ignore the active contri thation of women in our society as nurses, teachers or mothers and wives. As nurses. women give suspensor to patients in hospitals. as teachers ,they teach the young generation and the illiterate. as mothers and wives, they bring up kids tube good citizens. Second, there are many women who take leading position in the political relation with a desire to encourage democracy, and establish freedom and equal rights at the components of our s ociety. Citizenshipis membership in a society, community, city or town but now usually a countrified and carries with it to political participation a person having such membership is a citizen. Citizenship status often implies just about responsibilities and duties. It is largely coterminous with nationality although it is possible to have a nationality without cosmos a citizen legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it) it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state. In most nations, a non-citizen is a non-national and called either a foreigner or an alien Citizenship , multinational brassInternational Organization is a leading peer-reviewed journal that covers the entire field of international affairs. Subject areas include foreign policies, international relations, international and relative political economy, security policies, environmental disputes and resolutions, Eur opean integration, alliance patterns and war, bargaining and meshing resolution, economic development and adjustment, and international capital movements. Published on behalf of the International Organization Foundation. Drop out of civilizeIncreasing stress in school, at work, and at home has caused many students to drop out of school to escape their problems. With this increasing amount of stress and work, some students have croak very frustrated and depressed. Students then drop out of school and take the easy way out to eliminate some of that stress . thinker give outThe migration of skilled individuals from developing countries has typically been considered to be costly for the displace country, due to lost investments in education, high fiscal costs and grind market distortions. Economic theory, however, raises the possibility of a beneficial brain drain primarily through improved incentives to acquire human capital. Our survey of confirmable and theoretical work shows under what circumstances a developing country can benefit from skilled migration. It argues that the sect oral aspects of migration and screening of migrants in the receiving country are of major importance in determining the eudaimonia implications of the brain drain.These issues, as well as the size of the sending country, time of migration and the effect of Diaspora populations, should be addressed in future empirical work on skilled migration. Brain drain is the phenomena whereby nations lose skilled dig up because there are better paid jobs elsewhere. In recent years , this has affected poorer countries more so, as some rich countries tempt workers away, and workers look to escape bleak situations in their poor home countries. Sustainable developmentSustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to see human ineluctably while preserving the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the symbolise, but in the indefinite future. The ter m was used by the Brandt and Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three serving parts environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social . HumorI think that the best things to relief from stress is to watch some sitcoms or learn something funny like jokes person should develop his sense of humor and he should be cool , Comic and optimistic, because some expert of mental .health have noted that we cant imagine going through a day without laughter. Humor will make every part of your bearing better. It will help you trough difficult times and it will help you make the good times even letter, also i tissue attract good people and good situations to you .

Church and Dwight Essay

A. executive director compendious1. Summary statement of the problem church building & Dwight, much than than comm provided known by its snitch name Arm & lb, has held a commanding lead in the sodium bicarbonate crossway trade for oer 160 years with roughly 99 per centum of all consumer returns in familys within the coupled States. However, in order to promote harvest-time and diversity maculation defying a steady emolumentability rate of three five percent per year, the companion has expanded uses of sodium bicarbonate proceedss so that it is no longer the totally focus. The acquisition of a diverse group of consumer intersections in multinational markets has been viewed as a viable option to sustain the availability margins tumesce into the twenty-first century (Wheelen & Hunger).2. Summary statement of the recommended solution Since perform and Dwight is a comparatively small caller, when comp ard to competitors in household and personal care harve st-tideion markets they must(prenominal) recognize the challenges of leting sales through acquisitions to promote increase and fighting within those markets. church & Dwight must incorporate additional acquisitions of solid put ups and harvest-feasts in order to grow market section through an magnification of production stemmas into a variety of personal care, deodorizing and cleaning, and laundry products as well as specialty chemicals, animal nutrition, and specialty cleaners (Wheelen & Hunger). In addition, to maintain its bit in the world market place, church service & Dwight must expand into planetary markets and gain footholds in product markets through acquisition of manufacturing assets. Simply exaltation domestic product lines everyplaceseas is cost prohibitive. Foreign manufacturing assets leave behind entrust product realisation by local consumers in unlike countries and markets.B. The perspectiveAfter 160 years, Church & Dwight is a giant in the hou sehold domestic product market with blot name recognition much comm only if associated with Arm & spurt products. However, this achievement in the market only nets $2.5 billion in yearly sales worldwide. The companys crisscross portfolio includes all over 80 popular scrapes and competes for market share with new(prenominal) giants including Colgate-Palmolive, Clorox, and watch over & run a risk, which have combined sales of over $100 billion. The company has as well as expanded over the past decade into other household product lines through acquisitions of consumer brands including Mentadent, Pepsodent, Aim, and Close-up, as well as Trojan. Church & Dwight has a vegetable marrow of specialty products primarily found on its successful sodium bicarbonate line of products. It currently holds 75% of the sodium bicarbonate market share. magnification in the domestic markets has climb upn successful because of the companys ancient balance sheet. Growth into the foreign mar kets has proven to a greater extent gainsay than domestic markets. Foreign market net sales in 2009 were only $393 million compared to domestic net sales of $1.8 billion (Cook). II. ANALYSISA. depth psychology of the Situation1.Management The Church & Dwight caller-up has coverd a custom of slack up and steady leadinghip with a solid focus on semipermanent goals. The steadiness of the companys leadership can be primarily attributed to the fact that 25 percent of gravid common stock is owned by descendants of the companys original cofounders, a tradition that pass overs right away. In addition, the management of the company over the past 160 years has been handed down from generation-to-generation until recently when Dwight C. Minton passed on the position of Chief Executive Officer in 1995 to an outsider, Mr. Robert A. Davies, III (Wheelen & Hunger). This think leadership style has enabled Church & Dwight to overcome emf leveraged buy-outs and hostile takeovers with a se ries of calculated marchs and jab business decisions. These actions go awayed the board of directors and management to amend the companys conduct and allowed shareholders four votes per share.The board of directors was also re-structured into classes, in which separately class serves staggered three-year wrong (Wheelen & Hunger). In addition to staggering the tenure of the directors, the company lead upd employee severance agreements with name officials, providing a severance package agreement to provide a caoutchouc net should any of the board member positions be terminated by a hostile takeover or leveraged buy-out by an unwanted suitor. By providing these lucrative packages for senior management, many were able to stay with Church & Dwight. This allowed for continuity of leadership styles, vision and mission focus. Because of this steadfast devotion to principles, steady growth over the years has occurred, identifying Church & Dwight as a Cash Cow, victimization the Bos ton Consulting Group (BCG) Growth-Share Matrix. However, as the company focuses more on planetary markets and enters other potential avenues of development product lines, it bequeath surely mark itself labeled as a Star. 2.Operations Church & Dwight have peacefully existed over the past 60 years with sustained growth and do goodability because it virtually held the market in the palm of its hands as other companies searched for ship canal to enter the household and personal care product lines.As a result of the constant squelchs in emerging markets, Church & Dwight has come to the acknowledgment that they have major challenges to overcome if they are to compete with other giants in the effort and confront to thrive. As the company gains a stronger market share in the international consumer products, the growth and profitability standard will carry well into the in store(predicate). However, Church & Dwight also recognize they must remain lively to quickly and adequately give out with Porters Five Forces talk terms power of suppliers Threat of naked as a jaybird entrants Threat of supersede products or service Bargaining power of buyers (customers) and Rivalry among existing firms (competitors) (Wheelen & Hunger). When considering Bargaining Power of Suppliers, the force rating could be considered Medium as management must be constantly aware of any potential market shocks or trends. If an concord retailer is proceeded by unforeseen supply chain issues, the like increase fuel prices, then those be throughout the company whitethorn be affected to remain competitive.In addition, Church & Dwight are well aware of the economic situations that may affect their trade customers who may slew distribution of products in which sales may decline, or adversely affect the financial performance of the company (Craigie). There was never historically a threat of new entrants into the sodium bicarbonate market prior to 1970. However, since the company has pay offed new product offerings and other established consumer brands, they now governing body the same ambition threats of mature and domestic and international markets for consumer products. This threat of new entrants has emerged over the past decades and may now be rated high. The threat of substitute products or services is unendingly considered high, as well, because consumers might choose a substitute item, if it is cheaper. This is a problem for any company. Bargaining power of buyers (customers) is for the around part a medium concern as consumer satisfaction is evaluated in a variety of ways. Otherwise, dissatisfaction can drive prices up or down based on demand, or the lack of. Quality is a hallmark of Church & Dwight and the perception by consumers of any potential sinking of standards to decrease prices will typically drive loyal customers away.Finally, rivalry among existing firms (competitors) is high as competitors try to achieve great market shares to grow p otential profit shares. Church & Dwight has in an enviable position to profit from its dominant time out in the sodium bicarbonate products market since it suppressled the primary raw veridical used in its production (Wheelen & Hunger). 3.Marketing The Church & Dwight market strategy has been somewhat simplistic since its focus has been on the sodium bicarbonate product lines for over a century. However, with additional acquisitions over the past 20 years, and the expansion into other household products, the brand recognition has become stock- legato more important. As a result, merchandise expenses for 2009 were $353.6 million, an increase of $59.5 million or 20% as compared to 2008 (Craigie).In addition, Church & Dwight caters to people of all ages and backgrounds. This wide range of customers allows them to develop more and more organic products and services with large scale agreements to reward those demographics. As the company expands sphericly, markets for one regio n could also be agreeable by other regions as production opportunities allowed greater cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, attempts to enter international markets have met with express success, probably for two reasons (1) lack of name recognition and (2) transportation costs (Wheelen & Hunger). Finally, the company began a ground-breaking marketing running play by airing commercials for condoms on prime-time television. This shock strategy increase its marketing distinctiveness and enabled the partnership with Quidel Corporation, a provider of point-of-care diagnostic test, to meet womens health and wellness needs (Wheelen & Hunger). There are potential problems if various brand names fall into the precarious line-extension snare (Wheelen & Hunger). As the company expands and acquires more product lines bearing the Arm & Hammer trademark, the potential for substandard lumber or customer satisfaction could cause a back-lash resulting in trim sales most the world.Therefore, pr oduct marketing is essential to reinforce brand name recognition so consumers never forget the value and bore of a companys name and its product lines. 4.Finance Initially, the companys domestic markets have proven successful. However, in keeping pace with competition in expanding product line markets, acquisition of assets has taken place, which could prejudicially involve the overall financial picture if profitability is not maintained. In 2009, Church & Dwights performance worldwide achieved an increase in sales of 4 percent organic sales increased 5 percent, gross profit margin increased 44 percent while global marketing expenses only increased 20 percent and the Net Cash range grew to a record level of $401 million (Craigie). Perhaps still more significant to investors is the report that earnings per share grew 23% and dividends on investments increased by 35 percent (Craigie). In contrast to the growing sugar and expenses, the company also jettisoned noncore assets for the first time, including five domestic and international consumer product brands acquired during the 2008 Del Laboratories transaction (Wheelen & Hunger). This posturing of assets will enable a financially give out balance sheet in the future.Therefore, the financial status of Church & Dwight continues to grow as it has achieved modest gains from year to year, with hopes of correct greater revenue and sales. Finally, the chief executive officer remains focused on building a portfolio of strong brands with sustainable competitive advantages and the long-term objective is to maintain the companys rails record of delivering outstanding TSR (Total Shareholder Return) relative to that of the S&P vitamin D (Wheelen & Hunger). 5.Administration Church & Dwight enjoys a sound management strategy. It incorpo range affiliates through agreements to sell its products. In addition, the former CEO, Mr. James R. Cragie, stated We have added $1 billion in sales in the past five years, a 72% i ncrease, while lessen our total headcount by 5%, resulting in higher(prenominal) revenue per employee than all of our major competitors (Wheelen & Hunger). While it may appear unlikeable to the employee perspective, technological advancements allow for increased productivity in various aspects of manufacturing and struggle allowing for greater productivity without the added expense of additional manpower.Church & Dwight also continue to operate with an ethical employment code in keeping with todays expectations of utmost respect for both consumer and employee. The following is the companys published Ethical Standards The reputation and integrity of Church & Dwight Co., Inc. are rich corporate assets, vital to the Companys success. Each Company employee, including each of the Companys officers and general managers and each Company director, is responsible for conducting the Companys business in a manner that demonstrates a loyalty to the highest standards of integrity. Specifica lly, we encourage among Company personnel a culture of honesty, accountability and mutual respect. Additionally, we provide guidance to help Company personnel recognize and deal with ethical issues. Finally, we have provided mechanisms for Company personnel to report unethical conduct. dishonest or unethical conduct or conduct that is illegal will constitute a violation of these Standards and are grounds for disciplinary action (Church & Dwight).6.SWOTa.Strengths The Church & Dwight Company has many strengths, with brand recognition being their greatest. In fact, Arm & Hammer continues to be their greatest asset and strongest product on the market today the little yellow box is in over 95 percent of all households across the country. The sodium bicarbonate product line has proven itself for over 160 years with uses in baking, cleaning, and deodorizing, and as an added ingredient for things like drain openers and neutralizing agents. While there may be other similar products, Chur ch & Dwight have virtually cornered the market by holding 85 percent of it. b.Weaknesses A potential impuissance within the company is the overextension of branding into many other product lines. Until 1970, it produced and sell only two consumer products Arm & Hammer Baking keynote and a laundry product marketed under the name Super Washing Soda (Wheelen & Hunger). The company enjoyed success domestically, but in the international arena where growth was more product-driven and less marking sensitive, the company was less experienced (Wheelen & Hunger).Therefore, they relied on acquisitions and management changes to improve its international footprint and reach. With ever-expanding product lines, suppliers, and retailers, the potential for an outclassed product or service can cause a disallow reputation, impacting the overall brand. Therefore, brand recognition should continue to be the focus when researching future products or investment avenues to ensure the fiber of the prod uct/service in the name of the company. Entire corporations have gone away because of a negative connotation to its brand name in the eyes of consumers. c.Opportunities The possibilities are sempiternal as Church & Dwight continue to pursue additional product lines in household, personal care, specialty, and international products. Future expansion in acquisitions and assets may prove more advantageous as potential consumer products become even more attractive to increase the profitability as the manufacturing base is expanded around the globe. Perhaps in 20 years, we may have cars manufactured by Church & Dwight, as well.d.Threats The primary threat to Church & Dwight is competition. Competitors have an even greater market share and larger marketing campaigns to remain leaders in their respective niche. There are always going to be threats to its business operations, products, services, and reputation. Therefore, ongoing evaluation of partnerships, agreements, consumer satisfact ion, quality of production, quality of service, etc. is always continuing. Without a continuous evaluation process, companies may find themselves outsmarted, out-marketed, out-produced, and out of a job. Church & Dwight have done a great deal in maintaining a very loyal customer base through evaluations of consumer trends and ensuring affiliates maintain the highest standards to retain the reputation as the leading household product maker 7.Products or Services Church & Dwight continue to produce some of the most widely known household care products.These products are based on differences in the nature of their uses and organized into three reportable segments Consumer Domestic, Consumer International and durability Products (SPD) (Craigie). The company currently produces 80 different product lines, in which octonary major brands make up a total of 80 percent of its business (Craigie). The most famous of the companys products is Arm & Hammer Baking Soda. As a company focused on quality and innovation, Church & Dwight has a discreet marketing team focused solely on new product ontogeny (Church & Dwight). In addition, the company is focused on goals to develop differentiated products with new and distinctive features, increased thingamajig and value, and engaging outside contractors for research and development activities (Church & Dwight).B. Problem Definition1.The Church & Dwight case study identified a corporate problem needing to continue expansion in products and services, while presenting a consistent operating profit and increasing market shares of the household product industry. Expenses were continually evaluated and streamlined to load inefficiencies including product research and development to identify new uses/markets for an existing product (Wheelen & Hunger). Unfortunately, constant pressure from global competitors seeking to enter domestic and international markets, as well as an overall poor economy, is creating an atmosphere where move growth must be developed through new opportunities for expansion into new geographical markets, new products/uses, all while striving to control increasing transportation costs.2.In order for Church & Dwight to retain its position as the leading household product manufacturer, it must continue to provide outstanding customer service, excellence in product quality, invest in in the altogether edge technology to remain a viable resource for consumers, as well as developing new uses for its primary product line to ensure customers remain satisfied with the product, as promised. In addition, expanding its share of other household product opportunities and innovations will be key to any future growth. Yet another opportunity for Church & Dwight to grow is in the business-to-business swop market for suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to use. By providing this service to its affiliates and partners, they would be able to achieve greater operational efficiencies in thei r supply chains.3.As Church & Dwight enjoy a easily large loyal customer base, competing with Proctor & Gamble and other industry giants to get customers to switch competitors is no easy task. However, with any challenge comes greater innovation and new ideas. Relationships with suppliers, manufacturers and other retailers allow for greater efficiencies in costs by consolidating orders, developing greater discounts on shipping costs, or even creating greater financial incentives for affiliates to increase sales and customer satisfaction rates by increasing consumer awareness of the quality and reliability of services and products uncommitted to them.III. SYNTHESISA. Alternative SolutionsBrand recognition for ARM & HAMMER brand products has already been established within the domestic markets of the United States. International markets continue to challenge emerging companies due to ethnical differences in market populations, cultural differences in marketing strategies, and langua ge barriers requiring new brand names more suitable for local languages/cultures. With low population growth rates and households in international markets, increasing transportation costs, and intense competition and higher commodities costs, manufacturers are turning to new and innovative processes to increase their share of the household product markets.For example, rising gas prices are a concern since it directly contributes to increased production costs. In response, household and personal care product companies are making efforts to stimulate sales in varying ways, such as entering new markets, creating new product segments, strengthening strong brand image, acquiring businesses, targeting market audiences, and increasing advertising budgets. Another alternative could be to develop joint-business ventures with suppliers, manufacturers, distributers, and retailers. The benefit to this option would be to streamline production and sales and allow the ease of marketing products an d services to its affiliates and partners. This option would also allow greater operational efficiencies and translate into lower costs for Church & Dwight and lower prices for consumers.B. Recommendations and ConclusionsAs Church & Dwight examine to satisfy competitive pressures while still reeling from the recent economic crisis, the following passport and solution is presented in hopes of reducing expenditures and continuing company growth through new product development and market expansion. Expanding into new markets with major competitors jockeying for shelf space and retailers seeking to edit out their breadth of product offerings, more changes may be considered (Wheelen & Hunger). Therefore, the best pass for Church & Dwight at this point in time would be to carry out the first alternative, delving into new product lines both in domestic markets and even greater exploration of international markets. This option would be advantageous because of the limited financial inves tment required to grow already established footholds in foreign countries to manufacture and transport new product lines. In addition, by improving upon past successes and avoiding past mistakes, a sound marketing campaign could attract additional consumer traffic to its existing retailers and product outlets.Arm & Hammer also has premier brand recognition within the United States, which would look to use its large customer base to compete against Proctor & Gamble or Colgate-Palmolive, and Clorox. Finally, to satisfy any shortcomings in this solution, it is further recommended that Church & Dwight initiate an aggressive marketing strategy incorporating foreign experts in business and marketing development to identify focus groups to better understand cultural differences and expectations in product innovations.Understanding why a specific culture or race chooses one brand over another is key to identifying potential aspects of a new product line that would be warmly veritable in an other country rather than simply pushing an American-made product brand on a culture that has no experience with the product or whose name may have a derogatory centre in their language. This option could also allow Church & Dwight to market potentially less expensive alternatives to Proctor & Gamble or other foreign corporations specializing in household products in another country or region. This recommendation provides a potential solution to increase sales while growing market share and staying ahead of the competition.ReferencesChurch & Dwight, Co. Inc. (web). Churchdwight.com. Retrieved on April 8, 2012 from http//www.churchdwight.com/index.aspx Craigie, J. R. (February 24, 2010). Church & Dwight co., inc. 2009 annual report Churchdwight.com. Retrieved on April 8, 2012 from http//www.churchdwight.com/PDF/AnnualReports/2009-CDH-Annual-Report.pdf Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2012). Strategic management and business policy toward global sustainability. (13th ed., pp. 19-20). New York, NY Pearson Hall.

Cantaberry Tales Compare To Inferno Essay

Canterbury Tales Comp bed to Dantes Inferno This piece of work will explore the themes of honour and guiltiness in the snake pit section from Dantes Divine Comedy and Chaucers Canterbury Tales. The study will focus on the intakes each author pull outs of urban and more natural scenes to convey messages about innocence and guilt. While both Dante and Chaucer make use of this motif in making their thematic points, a keen difference exists between them. Chaucers primary objective is to present a humorous and compassionate portrayal of forgiving existence including innocence and guilt, or virtue and evil while Dantes essential purpose is honourable and instructional.Chaucer uses urban and country references in his portrayal of the hu human being condition as a room of drawing a contrast between the rectitude and evil of humankind. Again, we must keep in mind that Chaucer uses setting to put out integritys about munificence from an empathic military position. He does non want to judge, precisely to entertain and perhaps inspire compassion for self and others as blemished beings. Therefore, when he uses natural or urban settings, he is not utter that human beings are good when they are in Canterbury, and evil when they are out in the countryside.At the very(prenominal) time, that is precisely the apparent truth of the matter. As Chaucer paints the picture of human desire and passion, there is an intimate union between that passion (which can lead to a loss of innocence) and a natural setting When April with his interpreters sweet with fruit The drought of March has penetrate unto the root And bathed each vein with liquor that has power To generate in this and sire the flower When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath, Quickened again, in both holt and heath, The tender shoots and buds . . .And many forgetful birds make melody . . .(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage) Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage . . .To Canterbury, boun teous of devout homage (Chaucer 159).The clear suggestion by Chaucer here is that there is something in truth sweet but potentially very corrupting about spirit, while the urban center ofCanterbury offers relief from the guilt and sinfulness which temperament engenders in the weakness of human flesh. At the same time, Chaucer knows that the apparent differences in the behavior of human beings in the urban center, or in a sacred environment, and in the natural setting where passions are openhanded to work their wiles, as they will, are indeed only apparent differences. The nature of sympathy, as perceived and portrayed by Chaucer, is a thoroughly debased one. However, unlike Dante, Chaucer does not fall in much to say in thought of humanity for that corruption. Chaucer accepts the sinfulness, selfishness and loss of innocence of humanity as an integral crack of the history and development of the race. In other words, people may jeer to behave righteously when they are in th e holy city, but at one time they are free again to behave as they will, they will apace be consumed by their personal passions.Nature is also shown in Dante to be full of powerful and dark forces, which can tempt a human being off the path of righteousness. Dante writes that Midway upon the journey of our life I found myself in a dark woodwind instrument, where the right way was lost. Ah How labored a thing it is to tell what this wild and rough and difficult wood was, which in thought renews my fear So bitter is it that death is little more (Dante 1).The city or the path of the true way is symbolized by the high hill, in contrast to the dark wood of the life of the passions and senses further after I had reached the foot of a hill, where that valley ended which had perforate my heart with fear, I looked upward, and saw its shoulders clothed already with the rays of the sun, which leads man justly along each path (Dante 1).Here we see the light of goodness contrasted with th e phantom of sin or temptation away from the state of innocence. It is no coincidence that the phrases city of lights or city upon a hill are meant to stand in contrast to the darkness of the natural environment, a darkness which can bewilder human beings and lead them to take part in behavior which Dante clearly believes is both self-destructive and destructive to others. Dantes portrait of Hell is not meant to entertain but to change the behavior ofhis readers so that they will choose behavior which will lead them to the city of Heaven, sooner than behavior which will lead to the dark wood and, eventually, damnation A repoint is there below, stretching as far from Beelzebub as his tomb extends. . . . My Leader and I entered by that hidden road, to return into the lucent world and . . . we mounted up . . . so far that a violate opening I saw some of the beautiful things which Heaven bears, and thusly we issued for again to see the stars (Dante 52).In Dante, we read of the wic ked city which represents colliery (22), but it would be fair to say that human beings in Dantes conception are subject to temptation, sin, guilt and the loss of innocence wherever they are on earthin the city or in the country. Heaven is the only locale which offers human beings respite from such corruption.In Chaucer, we find little of the kind of solemn judgment offered by Dante at every turn. For example, Chaucer writes of a friara religious manwho was a wanton and a merry, A limiter, a very festive man (Chaucer 162). His ribaldry is not affected by whether he is in a town or in the countrysidehe is always willing to have a good time In towns he knew the taverns, every one,/ And every good host and each barmaid too (Chaucer 163).Despite the fact that Canterbury is seen as the goal of the pilgrimage and can therefore be said to be a city symbolizing goodness and innocence, or restoration of innocence through religious activity, this in no way suggests that Chaucer sees the city as the repository of goodness and nature as the repository of evil. Instead, Chaucer sees human nature as the abiding force at work in cause the behavior of human beings. A human being can be good or evil in the city, just as he can be good or evil in a natural environment. The Clerk, for example, is shown to be a miserable creature, although he is full of the commandment and philosophy and sophistication, which the city of Oxford offers (Chaucer 164).Again, the basic difference between Dante and Chaucer cannot be decipher merely by focusing on the uses of urban and country settings in their works.The differences in the authors uses of settings do not shed essential light on the two texts without our awareness first that Dante content to judge and warn and Chaucer means to celebrate and understand.To Dante, all settingsurban or countrystand full of temptations which can deliver human beings into the pits of Hell. The fact that Hell is portrayed in urban terms merely means that there is much organisation in Hell, rather than perhaps the chaos we might presume. Dante by use of the city as the setting for Hell means also to place it in stark contrast to the glorious city of Heaven.Dante wants to show that Hell is an essential part of the intricately organized and ordered machinery of the universe, and his use of the urban environment gives this sense of order and organization far more quickly that would a natural setting. We must keep in mind the purpose behind this manipulation of settingDante wants to affect the behavior of his readers and he means to do so by warning them that a very conservatively designed Hellas carefully designed as a cityawaits them if they stray from the path of goodness.Chaucer, on the other hand, aims to portray humanity in all its passion and waywardness, with a sense of acceptance and rejoicing rather than condemnation or warning. Chaucer gives the reader the clear sense thatwhether in the country or in the city, whether in t he midst of sin or the middle of innocencethe author is one with the reader. It does not matter whether the movement is taking place in the city or the country in Chaucers talesthere is a sense of empathy bonding the author, the characters and the reader. Even when Chaucer enters into a lengthy treatise on the different sins and their remedies, the reader has the feeling that he is not the kind of strict judge of humanity which Dante is or would like to be.The uses of setting in the two works is not particularly crucial to an appreciation of the books overall, but such a focus can help us understand certain elements of the works, such as the organization of the city whichallows Dante to show that hell is an integral part of the universe created by God and not merely an imaginary place of punishment. In addition, such a perspective is useful in showing the apparent contrast in Chaucer between the city of Canterbury and its promise of absolution from sin, and the natural environment which leads to the free side of the passions of human beings which in turn lead to the commission of those very sins.The city or country cannot be seen as symbolic of guilt or innocence in Chaucer, simply because Chaucer believes human nature to be allergic to corruption in any environment. At the same time, whereas Dante judges humanity for its corruption, Chaucer tends to forgive and seeks ways to ease the suffering of guilt and sin.Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey. Troilus and Cressida and The Canterbury Tales. cabbage Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1987.Dante. Divine Comedy. Chicago Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1987.