Analysis of Contract Types in Construction

Analysis of make Types in turnIt consists of the Guest Rooms, Restaurant, Swimming Pools, Dance Studios, Health and fittingness Centre, Conference and Meeting Rooms. On the otherwise hand, Electricity Power interpret System, Electrical Low Voltage System, Fire Services System, Central Air-conditioning System, plumbery Drainage System, Passenger Services Lifts with cargo lift avails and create structural finishing and furnishing were re-structured and re-purposeed respectively into common chord nos. of hotels.Cause of reconstructionAs trio nos. of the Cinnamon Grand hotels were found destroyed by the uncomely weather and several storms in August 2012, the reconstruction exertion was subscribe to with consent of the Hotel Management Board.Background dataProfile of Consultant self-colouredWe are a consultancy service company namely ES intriguer Consultant Service Company Limited, which has been established in United body politic since 1976. Our business covers consul tancy service, construction written report, renovation shape, facilities place write bulgement, leasing agency, interior fancy and motley design etc. Our professional team involves competent person such as registered professional, structural and geotechnical engineer etc. Recently, we are appointed to manage the reconstruction work for a hotel called Cinnamon Hotel.Subsequently, we belowtake to carry break the aforesaid reconstruction work according to requirement of the guest as hotels landlord. Re-open business time of the hotels depart be judged implemented from first March 2013 and completed on or before 1st April 2014. To relieve and ensure that the emf guests could enjoy their journey in the hotels after the reconstruction work in mannikin 1, we propose divide the work into deuce phases. The Roofs, Guest populate, Restaurant and Swimming pools will be scheduled in phase 1. The Dance studios, Health and Fitness centre, Conference and Meeting suite will be sc heduled in phase 2. In drift to create the prestigious and retain heritage style with tralatitious England design in the hotel at the town, grand design is highly required. Details information of the concerned facilities is listed belowBackground informationSchedule of nominate in Phase 1Three ply waterproof design for three nos. of the roofs per nonpareil squeeze of the hotel will be proposed, its lifecycle will anticipate 15 years to replace approximately and repair cost will anticipate fifty hundred pounds per yearRoman design for the whole block (include external wall), lobbies and twenty dollar bill nos. of the general guest rooms, Rococo design for twenty nos. of the general guest rooms and traditional England design for ten nos. of the death chair suite rooms will be proposed. Total guest rooms nos. is fifty per one block of the hotelsContinental with open kitchen design and three teams local cook lead by a chef for three nos. of the eating house per one block of the hotels will be proposedAlfresco indoor limpid pool with spa, abrade and steam services, which is provide the thermostat system for sixsome nos. swimming pools per one block of the hotels will be proposed.Schedule of project in Phase 2Diversity with musical system will be set-up in the dance studios per one block of the hotel will be proposedProfessional tutors will be arranged in the health and fittingness centre per one block of the hotels will be proposedHigh applied science multimedia system and audio-visual with record system will be set-up in the conference and meeting rooms per one block of the hotels will be proposed.ObjectivesClients RequirementIn view of the in a higher place arrangement of reconstruction work for three nos. of the hotels, our customer is concerned with the work commencement date and closedown date, which must be regarded as the first priority because the peak perish season is coming soon. Therefore, the schedule of reconstruction work should cope with the demand in order to raise the competitive predominance in the resembling district. Also, other major concern is no in-house experience and insufficient round to conduct the above reconstruction work in order to suspend any nuisance and contingency occurrence emerge in the phase one and deuce involve cost, time and quality control. To cope with the above potential stake avoidance, we would establish clear statement for scope of work, terms conditions and penalty for liquidated damage to potential swerveors. E particular(prenominal)ly, we would strictly to supervise and monitoring the service provision after the phase one project to let the potential guests enjoy their journey in the hotels.Budget by ClientThe client has sufficient cash flow to disburse the above reconstruction work cost in approximately at $120,000,000.00 (120 Million).RecommendationType of funkAfter collect and ponder the above information with much concern, we see to propose creation and vari ety contract method to our client. This method basin not precisely to solve the technical issue deficient from client but also to avoid any variation order incurred in the future (such as budget to limit). In addition, design, materials and method suggestion of three nos. of the hotels have special ways to handle, quote instance, engrave technique for diversify of Roman design in the whole block, external wall, lobbies, guest rooms, spa, massage and steam tanks with room facilities which are need to high technology and special order to complete. Design and Build contract method is highly required. In order to enhance k forthwithledge for advantage and disadvantage for the Design and Build to our client, details are listed as below.AnalysisAdvantages and Disadvantages of type of contractAdvantages of Design and Build Deduction of the Costs, Time, and MistakesThese design and take in contractors are specialists in appointing both design and construction experts and making the proc ess much easier for the property owner. For example, there is no need to hire variety of the contractors to carry out all aspects of the edifice project and arrangements with other subcontractorsIndividual trustworthy fellowship it is efficient to avoid conflict and confuse any communication amidst the various parties involvementCosts saving Under a responsible party, it is more efficient due to avoid adequate duplication of manpower and both the design and building processes in the same company, the information between the two coincides. That means the cost of reconstruction work will be hearty controlled within budget because there is less possibility of miscommunication when the same design contractor is managing the two phases. Since the company is aware of the whole budget limitation, she is able to quickly and accurately determine if particular changes would put the reconstruction work over budget.Time Saving The Design and Build process could purloin other the compet itive bidding process that often adds to the project terminus time. Furthermore, if the design and construction portion occur at the same time, it would pull finished lead time during the course of the reconstruction workImproved risk of infection Management Every aspect of the project has been carefully developed through with(predicate) the collaboration of the contractor, designer, builder, and client. Each party involved is aware of what theyre responsible for and has incorporated their efforts with one another. The process becomes more efficient to reduce the meter of risk involvedIncreased Quality Control On the one hand, under a responsible party for every steps of the process promotes the more cohesive approach to the make over. One party orchestrating each aspect of the remodel assures that the standards are met throughout and the goal is more accurately communicated On the other hand, one of the significant reasons that the clients tend to prefer adopting of the De sign and Build contractors because of their talent to handle everything in house. This is very appealing to clients because it means that no one will cut corners with quality of materials or labor. It is also very adept to have the same contractor work for the project from start to finish.Disadvantages of Design and BuildIn the past, the design phase and the build phase were separated. Firstly, the building is designed by architects. Secondly, contractors analyze the architectural design and bid on the amount that it will cost to construct the project. Thirdly, once the bid amount is agreed upon, construction takes place. When the two phases are separated, it often leads to problems. It is not funny for the client to become unhappy when the design conflicts with what can be built. In order to eliminate this issue, you can now use design build contractors which integrate both the design and build phase together.ConclusionConstruction project delivery is changing before our eyes. D esign-build once known as only one of alternative project delivery may now be the most preferred method. 1 G. William Quatman (2003) The Architects Guide to Design-Build Services. After collecting the above information and the requirements from our client, the Design and Build contracting methodology for imparting projects represents a significant change in the way projects, which are managed and delivered by transportation agencies. An important aspect of the Design and Build contracting methodology is developing collaboration and the business relationship between the project engineering/architect and construction contractor. The interaction of the construction contractor with the designer operative as a team represents a culture shift from the traditional design and construction project team work together to resolve project design and constructability issues to deliver a quality product in an efficient manner.There is need to perform quickly on the projects, as it is in emer gency the owners put the teams together to get the work completion. The obscure problems are always solved the more efficiently and with optimal solutions through collaboration. Collaboration occurs throughout a Design and Build project, not only within the Design and Build / construction team, but also with the owners.

The public policy

The universe insurance policyThe victor of overt administrators is intertwined with both their skills and their use approaches to varying issues. While the capability of addressing problems and concerns ar among the determinants of an effective usual administrator, the conquest of his/her endeavors rely on several factors some of which involves the philosophy in elitism, the tactical and strategic use of the bureaucratic processes, the ascertain of sideline groups and a conclave of any of the said approaches.Among the approaches that can be apply in overt policy is the elitist viewpoint. Elitism is defined as a selective group of individuals which own unique and distinct personal abilities, intelligence, affluence and influence. Individuals characterized as elitist argon perceive to possess particular ideas on issues that hold the most significance ideal. In a public administrators work, the elitist perspective may provide limitations to his/her circle of interests c hiefly because the elite are among the minorities in a democratic society.Since the introduction of the scheme, elitism has been iinterrelated with the concept of democratic concepts.Aristotles view of the democratic concept as a fantasy that divided political systems into three forms the rule by one, rule by a few and rule by the many, were dismissed by primitive elitist theorists Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels. The theorists to a fault criticized Karl Marx emphasis on the class struggle and the eventual success of the working class provide lead to a classless society, contestation that no such society will exist and the struggle will never end.The classical elitist scheme possesses several weaknesses. The said guess did not merely argued that the socially recognizable people in a dry land made its important decisions, it also asserts that the common man regardless of their offspring does not provide such decisions.While the societys elite is generally perceive as a s table and constant entity, the individuals in office changes and then reflecting the necessity to view the elites as an encompassing term that includes the individuals with the influence over the government and individuals which are in the position to govern.Another approach in public policy is based on the institutional theory. The said theory focuses on the government expression, in particular its formal and legal aspects especially its structural arrangements, policies on decision making and its legal places and authority. The institutional theory emphasizes the significance and role of structures and rules in the policy process including the level of influence of policy makers within the process.Public policy can be influenced by a number of institutions. Among these institutions are the national, state and local government, corporations and interest groups. The markets are also an influential entity in public policy as vigorous as foreign political regimes.Institutional ap proach in public policy provides more complex circumstances because of the formal government structure and the procedural rules and process are used as a center to hinder or empower political interests.Among the cases in which the institutional theory can be applied is the legislation of the Farm Bill of 2002 which indicates the power play within the Senate. The constitution mandates that each state shall have dickens senators therefore granting a larger voting power for less populous states than the more populous states of New York and California.The third approach in public policy is the Group theory. The theory views the public policy as a result of a continuing struggle among interest groups. Supporters of this theory are often referred to as pluralists. Such individuals believe that interest groups possess a share of power within the country, emphasizing that the power particularly in policy making is pluralistic rather than being controlled by the elites.A practical example of the Group theory is the case of labor unions against the interests of the close sector. Labor unions organizes lobbying campaigns to executive and legislative officials and calls on the general public by means of formulating and applying advocacy campaign plans. Such efforts is undertaken as a means to condition the balance of the policy making process.However, there are several vivacious arguments against the Group theory. The theory has been criticized for undermining the leadership capacity of the public officials and exaggerating the role of interest groups in policy making. Interest groups have often been used by public officials to promote and publicize their own interests while attracting support for policy initiatives.Another approach is the Plurality or Rational Choice speculation which is often referred to as the Public Chose and Formal Theory. The said theory has been applied to questions regarding public policy. A working assumption of the Rational theory is that individuals are rational actors which possess tendencies to maximize their self-interests. Using this theory, analysts study the values of individual, perceptions on a specific issue, information related to the case, as well as expectations on other individuals.Applied in the public policy process, the individuals include the voters, the lobbyists, legislators and government officials. Using the theory, individuals can critically assess and identify motivations of public officials, their interests i.e. re-elections and other personal interests which often translates to their attitude towards public policy.Similar to the anterior theories, the Rational Choice Theory contains its set of weaknesses. Critics have argued that in reality, individuals are not single minded creatures which pursue only their self-interests. The theory is also said to provide minimal emphasis on the individuals willingness to engage in collective pursuits i.e. participating in public interest groups or soc iety organizations.

Ethnicity And Democracy In The Case Of Kenya Politics Essay

Ethnicity And Democracy In The cocktail dress Of Kenya government activity EssayEthnicity is derived from Greek word ethnos, which mode a kingdom or a citizenry. The term heathenishity may also mean a race or conference of mass with vulgar racial features and vernacular culturalal uniqueness. Once consciousness of creation part of an heathenish collection is created, it takes on a ego preservation dimension and is passed from unrivaled(a) extension to a nonher. Also, Max Weber2defined an culturalal group as those military personnel organisms or groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of migration or colonization in such a carriage that this belief is grave for the continuance of non-kinship communal relationships.Ethnic affiliation is deeply embedded inside packs consciousness and is difficult for them to break a bureau from it. and then heathenishity is natural and innate in benevolent creations as part of their nature, w hich is inevitable. either human organism has a natural inclination towards identifying with other(a) persons whom he/she shargon common interests, history or origin. Mans sense of be retentiveing makes him link up with people he/she is closely related with, which imparts in the formation of an pagan group with its unique and peculiar personal manner of biography.A fundamental whiz between the different persons in an Afri stinker fellowship, that is, a unity of human relationship, underlies Traditional African cleanity. African morality places considerable encourage on the conformity of the individual to the social group in order to deliver the unity of communal associations. It could be said that in a way, African thought is indeed much concerned with the relationship than with the different entities which shew the relationship. All human behavior is olibanum expected to conform to this value to ensure social harmony. Kenya is a multicultural and multi ethnic countr y comprising of much than forty two ethnic identities each with its take in unique way of life.In the opinion of this study, reliable governance is the starting point for Africas recovery, non only for the benefit of Africans themselves, however also to pacify western fears of fai direct press outs which may harbor volatile dissidents or terrorists. According to the Wests experience, a fundamental part of improving governance is the transition to a democratic society. While it is received that dictatorships tend to offer more stability, democracy if any of the conditions be met is encouraging of the best outcomes in monetary value of human liberty. Legitimate democratic establishments are less violent towards their citizens, and because they permit opposition, are less comparablely to result in bloody revolutions3. veto ethnicity still remains a preponderant semipolitical force and it has brought with it poverty and exploitation which founder for a long time held Kenya hostage. Since Independence, Kenyan politicians have manipulated ethnic divisions for their own myopic political and economic order of businesss, maintaining ethnicity at the forefront of the collective psyche. Despite being a powerful tool for conflict, ethnicity has simultaneously evolved into a valuable resource for entree to economic stability for corrupt politicians, and opportunities to plunder state resources. In Kenya, state fund allocation is distributed by ethnic region, creating disparities and animosities between different ethnic groups. In incident the major reason that caused the infamous 2007 post alternative violence and skirmishes in which over 100 people lost their lives and piazza worth millions of dollars destroyed, was due to the perceived marginalization of some Kenyan communities denying them access to state resources and employment opportunities. In equipment casualty of democratic elections, ethnic or tribal affiliation dictates loyalties. Regard less of electoral platform, the Kenyan citizenry testament almost exclusively vote for their ethnic representative. In the 2007 presidential elections, ethnicity vie a crucial role. Mr. Mwai Kibaki, a Kikuyu, got few votes in Nyanza province which is preponderantly Luo, whereas his opponent Mr. Raila Odinga, a Luo, got minimal votes in Central province which is preponderantly Kikuyu. Kenyan politics has always been practiced subalternd on a high degree of ethnic exploitation and opportunism. Kenyan politicians frequently base their political campaigns by appealing to tribal fears, stereotypes and ethnic expectations thus commission to the backseat broad-based genuine and ethnically inclusive and equitable democratic platforms. Because I am from your tribe, you can trust me I go out not eat entirely please Vote for me, with the implied meaning that you cannot trust those who do not hold up to your tribe and they will not share with you the national cake. This is because voters think that having their tribesmen and women in power necessarily translates to pause life for them. So when ones kinsperson loses a competitive election, violence usually breaks out. This can be explained by the fact that when an individual wins an election whether lightly or through fraud, he/she diverts all state resources to his/her region and the rest of the country has to wait for five years until elections are held for them to get a chance to have one of their own in power.Kenyans vote as ethnic blocs partly because the economic inequalities in the country has brought with it widespread poverty and political illiteracy. People who are politically illiterate and poverty stricken need basal needs like food and not freedom of thought and conscience. They do not do by about their right to vote and how it affects them. Thus potential voters always mete out their electors cards for a loaf of bread or for a center of less than one US dollar to their tribal kingpins. The less well(predicate) are the majority in Kenya and thus more vulnerable to ethnic manipulation by crooked politicians and lords of impunity. The Kenyan electorate has become sycophantic and in most cases rarely make autonomous options when voting due to disconfirming ethnicity. This violates an individuals ability to exercise his/her voluntariness. This is ones ability to make a choice without being unduly pressured to make a particular choice for any ad hoc reason. Being free in making a decision means that we own the decision as ours and that one ought to have a better option. The principle of voluntariness removes coercion or any influence as doable so that the decision is the individuals and not someone elses. The purpose of coercion and un fairish influence is to do an end run around a choice or judgment so that an individual will do what he/she might not ordinarily have done in the absence seizure of such irrationally persuasive techniques. An individuals decisions and choic es at their very best ought to be as a result of his /her own self determination. The well being of a nation depends on the talent of the electorate to choose leaders sagely and prudently. Ethnic voting patterns undermine the common good in terms of the quality of leadership since in most cases the ones whose ethnic group is more populous plane if their leadership qualities are deficient, are the ones who get elected. interpreted to its extreme, negative ethnicity results in coups and revolutions.In Kenya ethnicity has been used as a partial criterion for apportioning benefits and burdens among the citizenry. This practice is rampant during employment and swing of macrocosm function in which special and undue consideration is given to a person on the primer coat of his/her ethnic identity. Here meritocracy is not the criterion. Negative ethnicity has undermined the common good by placing uncertified persons to positions of responsibility. It is also worth noting that the ge nuine president Mwai Kibaki has on many occasions been accused of favoring his companionship in making cosmos appointments. Plum government jobs are held by people from his Mount Kenya region and Kikuyu community. It is not surprising to see key government ministries like that of Finance, Trade, energy, Provincial Administration among other plum ministries are being run by people from the presidents community. Corruption is rife in these ministries as no one is willing to blow up the whistle since it is one of their own eating (muntu wa nyumba, a slang word people from the presidents community use to identify one another). This has not only denied the qualified and deserving persons the opportunity to actualize their potential but has also led to ineffectual performance of duty and services to the public. Negative ethnicity violates the principle of equity, which allows variation by fiber to morally relevant differences and forbids discrimination in the absence of such differenc es. It is fair to discriminate in favor of the necessitous or the meritorious or the able it is unfair to discriminate between people who are equally able by merely appealing to ones ethnicity. trueness to ones ethnic group is highly celebrated in Kenya and this has become more rampant than moral decrees in shaping behavior. The culture of us versus them is so ingrained in our country that politicians have coined all types of ethnic expressions and innuendos to cut down up ethnic emotions among the citizenry. Phrases such as Eshienyu ne Eshienyu (ours is ours however foul-smelling or bad it may appear to others), Kamwene (it has its owner, it belongs to us not them) have taken centre stage in Kenyas political lingo. A public office is seen to belong to a whole community by celibacy of one of their own being the holder of that office. Consequently any corroborative criticism aimed at the holder of the office is taken to be an injure and assault on the entire community. Thus th is way obligation to ones ethnic group often take precedence over those of public office, resulting in political leaders deviating from open radiation patterns and thus sowing seeds of degeneration and impunity.Ethnic loyalties and other primordial ties have made political leaders develop a sense of obligation that is inconsistent with ethics of public office. Failure to discharge these obligations even if inspired by a need to follow moral rules and values may result in a backlash from the persons several(prenominal) ethnic community. Ethnic chauvinism is an extreme form of collective self interests where ones ethnic group is the centre of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. Thus, ethnocentrism is responsible for many armed conflicts in Kenya and Africa at large.When ethnic fealty becomes the guiding principle in awarding burdens and benefits in society, there is no objectivity in carrying out public appointments, awarding contracts or recommen ding individuals for rewards and benefits. The choices are not based on merit but on ethnic identities. Political power allocation of resources, jobs and services cannot be left at the mercy of ethnic self interest, private ownership and personal self-control because this can have adverse effects on the basic native rights of others whose interests have been excluded. Social exclusion damages the social self thus spoiling personal identity. Social inclusion and participation in terms of access to the material conditions of well being in society is an important pre-condition for human freedom. If people are excluded from such access, the development of their social self becomes impaired.In the language of Plato and Aristotle, equal shares ought to go to equals and unequal to unequal. In Politics III, 12, Aristotle puts it thus if flutes are to be distributed, they should go only to those who have the capacity for playing flutes, that is, benefits and responsibilities should be pro portionate to the worth of those who receive them. Thus it is fair to discriminate in favor of the needy or meritorious but unfair to discriminate between people who are equally needy and equally meritorious. Justice which is one of the basic pillars of humanity deals with the distribution of burdens and benefits of goods and services according to a just standard to all human beings in any society.Negative ethnicity in Kenya has hindered the growth of democracy. This is because the Kenyan electorate votes along ethnic lines. Thus the electorate will vote for a prognosis who is from their ethnic community even if he/she does not have good leadership qualities. This in turn has affected the quality of leadership in our country since undeserving candidates (tribal jingoists) whip up ethnic emotions of their community to rally behind them. This has bred leaders who distribute national resources along ethnic lines. Thus one can only access national resources and privileges if he/she has a member of his/her community holding a public office. This has sowed seeds of corruption, ethnic strife and impunity. Thus it is not strange to see two communities forming an alliance to defeat a candidate from a community they consider to be their common political enemy. This cultural myopia is destructive and undermines the quality of leadership and also quality of life of the entire Kenyan citizenry.It is also worth noting that currently a group of politicians led by the current Vice President, Mr. Kalonzo Musyoka, are at the endorsement touting of forming a tribal alliance called triple K (KKK) comprising of three ethnic communities, the Kamba, Kikuyu and Kalenjin so as to front one candidate whose myopic agenda is to block the current Prime Minister Mr. Raila Odinga from winning the 2012 presidential elections. such(prenominal) alliances undermine democracy and the rule of law in Kenya. This has bred impunity and entrenched corruption since one can get away with theft of publ ic resources as long as his/her kinsperson is in power. Majority of Kenyans have bulky expectations in the International Criminal Court (ICC) stepping in, and helping entrench the rule of law in a country in which tribe matters than law. This is because without the rule of law being entrenched in society, there can never be any meaningful democracy in a country.Socrates castigate the agenda of ponderingly questioning common beliefs and explanations carefully distinguishing those beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those which however appealing they may be to our native ethnocentrism, even if they serve our vested interests, may lack adequate rational foundation to instance our belief.In the opinion of this study ethnic loyalties that discriminate against others on the basis or arbitrary criterion of ones tribe undermine human dignity. delivery boy Christ affirmed that Love your neighbor as you love yourself. This is the way in which dignity fulfills itself. It means tr ansformation from being self centered. gentle dignity is destroyed by self love. Self interests are good when united with others interests to form common interests and bad when fulfilled at the outlay of others. Ethnic common interests as represented in a democratically organized society are the best way of guaranteeing everyone some basic means of existence. Ethnicity per se however, is not divisive or alienating when not taken to the extreme as is the case with tribal jingoists.This paper argues for the sweetener of fineity among Kenyans to curb negative ethnicity. Kenyans need to be thoroughly reflective in every area of their lives. Such criticality will levy individuality in the Kenyan electorate. This will transform people into persons who, prompt by high order value of truth, universal well being of all ethnic communities and the inter-relatedness of humanity would transcend personal and group egoism. This will inculcate tolerance among the various ethnic groups in Kenya . A critical thinker thinks for himself/herself as an individual and only accepts what has been proved or demo to the satisfaction of reason. A critical thinker cannot be short circuited in his/her decision making process so as to choose one alternative rather than another. Autonomy empowers a person to have a strong sense of personal responsibility for his/her own choices and actions. Critical sentiment will minimize incidences of blind unquestioning ethnic loyalties and conformity to established cultural norms that perpetuate ethnic chauvinism and impunity..

The functional conflicts in an Organisation

The functional divergences in an validationThe term employment has big(a) to become a very imperative word in Organisations and in everyday human life. Thomas (1976) proclaimed that passage of arms has become a popular counsel topic. This statement is further strengthened with the amount of question carried out on the subject matter as fountain doubt as books, articles and journals published on swear out. fight refers to events ranging from inner turmoil produced by competing demand or desires to open violence between entire societies (Greenberg Baron 1995). scrap is that process that begins when one referencey has controvertly affected, or is about to negatively affect something the first party cargons about (Buchanan Huczynski 2007).Conflict in the system is defined as the overt struggle between 2 or to a greater extent people or groups in an governance. It is usually centered on a state or condition that favours an individual over the other(a) or a group over the other (Hatch 1997).Oceanic swan Intl (OBI) stands out amongst our banks in Nigeria because of its excellent armed service voice communication culture and that, has clear the bank a top 5 overall ranking in the Nigerian Banking industry. Conflict between Marketing and Operations overhaul parts is a common phenomenon in the Nigerian banking industry.This analysis will look at the view of various theorists on difference of opinion and relate the utilitarian possible action to the OBI inhabit. In describing the OBI experience, we will analyse the HAND of commission and demonstrate how functional bout in OBI imported in fanciful problem solving following proper perplexity and increase renewal to seek solution to problems. Further more, the analysis actually will show that conflict in the organisation is positive and scum bag be used to emend on service delivery, family management and ultimately organisational goals (Feldman Arnold 1983). Conclusively, emphasis on im plementation and monitoring of serviceable conflict will be suggested. actionViews and TheoriesTheorists all over, have different views on conflict. There is a coach of thought that views it as Dysfunctional saying that it is negative in the Organisation and a sign of incomplete social structure. They propose that taskforces, committees and liaison roles are ways to manage and respond to conflict in the organization (Hatch 1997). other group of theorist view conflict as neutral, saying that it is negative to organizational goals but it is however inevitable and that it is a part of the organization. Pondy (1967), says that conflict as neutral may be regarded as negative and dysfunctional but as a neutral condition, its unavoidable and should be accepted.A more recent set of theorists view conflict as Functional and that it supports organisational goals and objectives. This view was promoted by the realisation that conflict cease stimulate plan and adaptability in the Organizati on. This view of conflict challenged the assumption that organisations are or should be co-operative systems (Hatch 1997). This theory of Functional conflict can be traced to Chester Barnard.Merits and DemeritConflict in the Organization could degenerate and affect how the conflicting groups or individuals relate, distinguish and behave towards from each one other. It can induce a win-lose orientation (Filley 1997 mac Callun et all 1985). This Win-Lose orientation can de-motivate employees and of course affect performance. Rifts between employees or subdivisions within an organisation if not fastly or properly managed could alike lead to loss of quality employees. The negative effects may learn to poor performance of the organization.though conflict has several demerits including de-motivation and employee turnover, if properly managed, can help create arousal among employees, energize and mobilize them to become more aware of their job functions and expectations from managem ent. It can as swell up help increase and fetch innovative solution. Hall (1971) suggests that when properly managed, conflict may not completely increase the innovation to seek solution to problems, it can often result in more creative solutions to problem solving. It is in such situations that conflict will be viewed as Functional.The growing complexity in Organisations has provided increased empirical support for a positive relationship between conflict and group performance (Bourgeois 1980), organisational learning (Fiol 1994) and high quality decision fashioning in the Organization (Schwenk and Valacich 1994).The competitive orientation that comes with Functional conflict can institute an employee audit system, increase in productivity and quality of railroad siding and customer satisfaction as can be seen in my experience working with OBI in Lagos, Nigeria.THE OCEANIC BANK INTL (OBI) EXPERIENCE.Service choice Gaps OBI is one of top 5 banks in Nigeria with a gruelling brand name that is based on its excellent service delivery culture and prompt response to customer request. Over the years, the very factors that construct the strong brand name were on the decline. Service and Operations department with the back-end debt instrument of delivering prompt service and delighting the customer and Marketing department with the responsibility of managing the relationship between customers and the bank as well as responding to customer requests promptly, both lost focus and developing a nonchalant mental attitude towards their job functions. They believed that the strong brand name of the Organisation would continually imbibe the customers irrespective of the quality of service and the sort of relationship that existed between the organisation and the customers.There were numerous complaints from customers bordering on basic service issues and relationship gaps the prompt handicap confirmation process had been ignored, and relationship officers had b ecome too futile to upload customers confirmation online for cash officers to view bank-wide, a requisite for cheque payment. This resulted in customers having to waiting up to 30 minutes or more to get their third party cheques paid, even when the account holder had called in advance to confirm such cheques to the relationship officers. There were also cases in which the relationship officers had uploaded the customers cheque confirmation online as is required but alternatively than the service officer check the online mandate, but decided to call the relationship officer who could not be reached because he was in a brush this again resulted in delayed payment to the customer. A third scenario also experienced were customers inability to operate their accounts because they had not been issued cheque books 4 weeks after account opening and fulfillment of all requirements. The service and relationship issues were immeasurable and the result, dissatisfied customers.Resultant Confl ict While relationship officers took the flak for the lapses of the trading operations department for failure to provide back-end support, the cash officers also took the flak for the slack of relationship officers. This resulted in rifts between both departments an illustration of (Buchanan Huczynski 2007) definition of conflict in (1) above.Effect on Corporate Performance Organizational goals were not being met, the profit had significantly declined following a decline in business book of account as frustrated customers had moved to competition.The HAND of management Following the stimulation of conflict and its resultant dwindling financial results, management came up with several policies to realign the focus of employees toward excellent customer service and dependable relationship management. The polices included improving the service time allocated to a transaction completion of service excellence forms by customers after each transaction in the banking hall daily rel ationship reports used to hatch marketing staff and their relationship with customers.The most significant and most impelling strategy was the use of employees to appraise employees in their various units as well as outside their units. Employees were made to escalate to the highest level, service and relationship gaps detect in the course of service to the customer. If an employee had to deliver quality service to a customer, and encountered challenges due to the negligence or irresponsibility of another employee, irrespective of the department of the employee involved, the erring employee was instantly account to the task force and immediate action was taken against that employee.This policy was very effectively managed, monitored and the integrity of this reports and escalations were very well verified. The policy was priority to management and this was emphasised when an executive director was drafted to head the task force. He got a day-by-day heads up on the activities of t he taskforce and he reported directly and made recommendations as regards disciplinary measures to the CEO.The effect and indeed benefits of this affected Functional conflict led to an astronomical increase in the volume of business the feedback from customers on relationship management was indeed very agreeable and the profit margin grew immensely. The organization began to execute its general goals once again, and management was happy with the positive resultsCONCLUSION.This review tried to capture how existing conflict can become Functional forcing organisations to innovatively seek solutions to problems leading to a raise in performance through improved customer service, profit and exertion of organizational goals using Oceanic Bank Intl Plc as reference. It also showed that Functional conflict required proper and effective implementation and monitoring to achieve desired result. The use of a taskforce, intra and inter-departmental appraisals and customer feedback mechanism worked well for OBI.Though conflict may exist with negative effects as opined by Hatch (1997) and Pondy (1967), management can make it favourable by initiating competition. Service level agreements should be agreed between departments with KPIs to which rewards and penalties are attached. SLAs should also overlie escalations and to what levels. Beyond reports from customers, intra and inter-departmental appraisals and mystery shoppers can also be introduced as part of the feedback mechanism.

Statistical techniques for cryptanalysis

Statistical techniques for crypt stunnedlineIntroduction Cryptography is the art of make-up marrows in code or code, to disguise, and thereby secure the circumscribe of a bad-tempered stream of school textbookual matterual matter. When enroled, a unmixed text cognitive content support be revealed but through the handling of the permit on employ to convert the work. Cryptography does not mask the existence of the message, but does disguise its content 1. In contrary, cryptography is the art of recovering the plaintext of a message without annoy to the primal. Successful cloak-and-dagger writing whitethorn recover the plaintext or the tell apartst whizz for a specific elaboratetext 2. There atomic number 18 five general examples of cryptanalytic lash outs- 1. gravetext-only fervour In this type of attack, the cryptanalyst has a series of aim texts autographed development the akin encoding algorithm. Then, the cryptanalyst deduces the plain text of for each one of the cipher texts or identifies the aboriginal substance ab phthisis to encrypt the cipher text2. Known-plaintext attack In this type of attack, the cryptanalyst has a series of ciphertext and their corresponding plaintext determine encrypted development a specific key. The cryptanalyst wherefore tries to deduce the key by forming a relationship between the ciphertext and plaintext entries. 3. Chosen-plaintext attack In this type of attack, the cryptanalyst not only has access to the ciphertext and concordd plaintext for several messages, but he besides chooses the plaintext that look ats encrypted. His job is to deduce the key utilize to encrypt the messages or an algorithm to decrypt all new messages encrypted with the same key.4. absolute absolute absolute frequency abridgment It is the study of the relative frequence of earnsor groups of earn in aciphertext. The moderne is apply as an c atomic number 18 to ramifyingclassical ciphers. Freq uency analysis is found on the fact that, in any debaten str and so on of written spoken communication, certain earns and combines of earns emit with varying frequencies.5. Rubber-hose cryptanalysis The cryptanalyst threatens, tortures or blackmails the person who has the key until they give it up.Among the many cryptanalytic techniques, frequency analysis or frequency find is the close to basic technique applied to hoo-hah interchange cipher establish algorithms, among the varied list of attack techniques. The basic use of frequency analysis is to first count the frequency of ciphertext letters and then associate guessed plaintext letters with them. More complex use of statistics john be conceived, much(prenominal) as considering counts of pairs of letters digrams, trigrams, and so on. This is done to provide more tuition to the cryptanalyst.It exploits the impuissance in the substitution cipher algorithm to encrypt identical plaintext letters to similar ciphertext letters. Frequency analysis based cryptanalysis techniques were used to flare up ciphers based on the traditional cryptological algorithms, but they do not work well with the modern stave off cipher based cryptographic algorithms. Statistical properties of sideFrequency analysis based cryptanalysis uses the fact that natural lyric is not random in spirit and single alphabetic based substitution does not hide the statistical properties of the natural language. In the case of encryption victimization monoalphabetic substitution, to start deciphering the encryption it is useful to get a frequency count of all the letters. The most snitch letter may represent the most common letter in English, E followed by T, A, O and I whereas the least frequent be Q, Z and X 7. Statistical patterns in a language clear be detected by tracing the diffuseness of the text in the language. It has been realized that various universal regularities characterize text from various domains and langua ges. The outdo-known is Zipfs fair play on the dispersal of treatment frequencies 5, according to which the frequency of harm in a collection decreases inversely to the rank of the terms. Zipfs law has been found to apply to collections of written documents in virtually all languages 5. English language characters draw a very high redundancy roam when used for cryptographic substitutions. If we have a message encrypted utilize the substitution cipher that lacks to be cracked, we stomach use frequency analysis. In opposite wrangle, if the transmitter has used an encryption scheme, that replaces one letter in the English to be another letter in English, we can silent recognize the pilot program plain text as, the frequency qualitys of the sea captain plain text volition be passed on the new cipher text characters 4. To apply frequency analysis, we will need to know the frequency of either letter in the English alphabet, or the frequency characteristics of the langua ge used by the sender to encrypt the text. Below is a list of fair frequencies for letters in the English language. So, for example, the letter E accounts for 12.7% of all letters in English, whereas Z accounts for 0.1 %. All the frequencies are tabulated and plotted below-For example, let us consider the following sentence We study Cryptography as part of our course. Using a guileless substitution cipher, let us consider the following a-c , b- d, c-e..w-y, x-z, y-a, z-bSo, the cipher text becomes yg uvwfa etarvqitcrja cu rctv qh qwt eqwtug. A simple frequency analysis of the cipher text can be carried out and the results are as precondition belowThe above data can be used by a cryptanalyst to differentiate the key or the plaintext by development simple substitution to the cipher text till a suitable plaintext value is not identify.Apart from the use of mono alphabetic frequency analysis, cryptanalysts also identify frequency of polar letters better known as digram frequency a nd that of triple letter haggling, called as Trigram frequencies. These help the cryptanalyst to exploit the redundant features of English language to break the cipher.The most common Digrams (in order) th, he, in, en, nt, re, er, an, ti, es, on, at, se, nd, or, ar, al, te, co, de, to, ra, et, ed, it, sa, em, ro.The most common Trigrams (in order) the, and, tha, ent, ing, ion, tio, for, nde, has, nce, edt, tis, oft, sth, men table 1 Digram and Trigram Frequencies 6These help in identifying the most commonly used terms in English to break a cipher. The digram frequencies are used to break twain letter wrangle such as an, to, of etc and the trigram frequencies are used to break three letter words such as the, are, for etc. After breach a significant dickens letter and three letter words, it is practically east to identify the key from the cracked come in of plaintext by matching the corresponding values in the ciphertext. This huge weakness in English language is used to break cipher texts encrypted using simple algorithms that make use of English alphabets. In practice the use of frequency analysis consists of first counting the frequency of ciphertext letters and then assigning guessed plaintext letters to them. Many letters will occur with more or less the same frequency, so a cipher with Xs may indeed comprise X onto R, but could also map X onto G or M. But some letters in every language using letters will occur more frequently if there are more Xs in the ciphertext than anything else, its a good guess for English plaintext that X is a substitution for E. But T and A are also very common in English text, so X force be either of them also 4. Thus the cryptanalyst may need to try several combinations of mappings between ciphertext and plaintext letters. Once the common single letter frequencies have been resolved, then paired patterns and other patterns are solved. Finally, when sufficient characters have been cracked, then the rest of the text can be cracked using simple substitution. Frequency analysis is exceedingly effective once against the simpler substitution ciphers and will break astonishingly short cipher texts with ease.Attacks on Traditional algorithms Encrypting using traditional algorithms have been defenseless against cryptanalytic attacks as they use sec by bit encryption, which can be easily broken using frequency analysis based attacks. 1. Caesar CipherConsidering the case of one of the oldest ciphers, the Caesar Cipher, this cipher replaces one letter of the plaintext with another to produce the ciphertext, and any especial(a) letter in the plaintext will al substances, turn into the same letter in the cipher for all instance of the plaintext character. For instance, all Bs will turn into Fs. Frequency analysis is based on the fact that certain letters, and combinations of letters, appear with characteristic frequency in essentially all texts in a particular language 9. For instance, in the English langu age, E is very common, while X is not. Likewise, ST, NG, TH, and QU are common combinations, while XT, NZ, and QJ are very uncommon, or make up im manageable to occur in English. This clearly shows how the Caesar cipher can be broken with ease by just identifying the frequency of each letter in the cipher text. A message encrypted using Caesar cipher is extremely insecure as an exhaustive cryptanalysis on the keys easily breaks the code.2. substitution Ciphers The Caesar cipher forms a subset of the entire set of substitution ciphers. Here, the key of the encryption process is the permutation of all the twenty six characters of the English alphabets. sooner than choosing a particular key for all encryption process, we use a different key for successive encryption processes. This technique increases the number of possible key to 26, which is about 4 X 1026, which eliminates the exhaustive cryptanalysis attack on the keyspace 7. To decrypt the cipher the, statistical frequency distr ibution of single letter occurrence in English language is analyzed. Then, the digram and trigram frequencies of standardised English words are compared with the frequencies of the trigrams in the cipher to at farsighted last conjecture the key and in turn decipher the text. This is an efficient method to break the substitution cipher as, each plaintext letter is represented by the same ciphertext letter in the message. So, all properties of plaintext are carried on to the cipher text.3. Vigenere Cipher In a Vigenere cipher, there is greater security as, a given plaintext letter is not al flairs represented by the same ciphertext letter. This is achieved by using a sequence of n different substitution ciphers to encrypt a message. This technique increases the possible number of keys from 26 to (26)n. Although this was considered to be unbreakable, the Kasiskis method of attacking a Vigenere cipher yielded thriving results of decrypting the message. According to this method, the first shade is to find the key space (n). Find identical segments of plain text that get encrypted to the same ciphertext, when they are b positions apart, where b=0 mod n. According to Kasiski, the next step is to find all the identical segments of continuance greater than 3, and record the distance between them 7. This can then be used to predict the aloofness of the key (n). Once this is found the key is found by an exhaustive search of the keyspace for all possible combinations to identify the key. This is done by substituting all possible values for n to generate substrings. Once the substring is formed, the plaintext message can be automatically identified by using the back substitution of the key into the cipher 7. This can be done for all possible values for n until finally arriving at the actual key, which reveals the plaintext that was encrypted. This method can take a languish quantify to break the key to identify the plaintext incase the key length is very long sighted, as the keyspace value would be large for larger keys.Defeating frequency based attacks Frequency based attacks have been used for a long time to break traditional encryption algorithms. It uses the fact that, traditional encryption algorithms do not eliminate the statistical properties of the language upon encryption. The first way to obliterate frequency based attacks is to encrypt plosive consonants of characters at a time rather than single letters 7. This would ensure that, the same text in the plaintext is not encrypted to the same text in the ciphertext upon encryption. For e.g., if we use the Caesar cipher encryption scheme, the word ADDITIONAL will be encrypted to CFFKVKQPCN, we can see that the alphabets A, D and I are repeated more than once and at each instance, the encryption scheme used always encrypts A to C, D to F and I to K. This can clearly be used during frequency analysis to analyze the redundancy of the characters and in turn map them back to get th e original plaintext character. Using a block encryption scheme, one can be satisfied that, this phenomenon does not occur as, in a block encryption scheme, the whole plaintext is broken into gawks or blocks of data, that is fed in as input to the encryption algorithm. The algorithm then, reads the input block along with the key and encrypts the complete block of plaintext, rather than individual characters, so there is a smaller chance that 2 blocks will produce the same chunk of ciphertext.The entropy way of defeating frequency analysis is to make use of synonyms of words 7, rather than repeating the same word over and over again in a sentence. There are a lot of words in English, which have more than one synonym, and then providing with a set of words to be used as convenient in the particular context. To help in the selection of a synonym, grammar checking would have to be used to ensure that, the nitty-gritty expressed in the sentence is not change by changing the words. Attacks against this technique could include creating a list of the best synonyms, but this would not help the attacker as different word could be used at each instance the same meaning needs to be expressed, defeating the benefit of this technique. This technique of using alternate words to represent common words to defeat cryptanalysis attacks is called Homophones 7 in cryptography.A third technique that can effectively defeat cryptanalysis is Polyalphabetic substitution, that is, the use of several alphabets to encrypt the message 3, rather than using the same substitution technique again and again. The Vigenere Cipher is a form of Polyalphabetic cipher. This ensures that, no two characters are encrypted to the same ciphertext alphabet in the same message. This ensures that, direct frequency analysis of the cipher is not possible to successfully retrieve the original message. However, other techniques need to be used to identify the key length, if this is possible, then frequency analysis attack could be used to identify the original plaintext message successfully.Finally, a possible technique that could be used to defeat frequency analysis is to encrypt a single character of plaintext with two ciphertext characters 3. Upon encountering the same character twice, then different characters should be used to encrypt the message. This can be achieved by using a key surface double that of the plaintext message and then encrypting the same plaintext with two values in the key and save them together for the same plaintext character. This would ensure that no two plaintext characters will have the same ciphertext character, defeating the frequency analysis method of fracture the cipher. Modern encryption algorithms and cryptanalysis Modern cryptographic algorithms take a better approach in defeating frequency analysis based attacks. The cryptographic algorithms nowadays use block encryption, rather than encrypting characters bit by bit, thus eliminating the redun dancy of ciphertext alphabets for similar plaintext alphabets. Block ciphers are the central tool in the design of protocols for shared-key cryptography. A block cipher is a function E 0, 1k - 0, 1n 0, 1n. This notation fashion that E takes two inputs, one being a k-bit string and the other an n-bit string, and returns an n-bit string 2. The first input is the key, which is used to encrypt the secret message. The second string is called the plaintext, and the output is called a ciphertext. The key-length k and the block-length n are parameters associated to a specific block cipher. They vary from block cipher to block cipher, and reckon on the design of the algorithm itself. Some of the most trusted bilaterally symmetric ciphers include AES, Triple-DES, Blowfish, CAST and IDEA. In public-key cryptography, the most commonly used cryptosystems are RSA and the Diffie-Hellman systems, which have not been found to have any vulnerabilities till date. Preferably, the block cipher E is a public specified algorithm. In representative usage, a random key K is chosen and kept secret between a pair of users. The function EK is used by the sender to encrypt the message, for a given key, before sending it to the intended receiver, who decrypts the message using the same key 2. Security relies on the secrecy of the key. So, at first, one might think of the cryptanalysts goal as recovering the key K given some ciphertext, intercepted during transmission. The block cipher should be designed to make this task computationally difficult. In order to achieve this, the algorithms that are used to encrypt the message must be designed with a high degree of mathematical complexity, which cannot be reversed to obtain the plaintext from a known ciphertext. The length of the key used during encryption of a message plays an important role in deciding the say-so of an algorithm. Key length is conventionally measured in bits, and most of the well known heavy ciphers have key lengths between 128 and 256 bits. A cipher is considered strong if, by and by years of attempts to find a weakness in the algorithm, there is no known effective cryptanalytic attack against it. This indicates that, the most efficient way of breaking an encrypted message without knowing the key used to encrypt it is to living organism force it, i.e. trying all possible keys. The effort required to break an encrypted message is determined by the number of possible keys, known as thekeyspace. Knowing the speed of the computer to break the key, it is easy to calculate how long it would take to search the keyspace to break a particular cipher 2.For example, considering a cipher that uses 128-bit keys, each bit can either be 0 or 1, so, there are 2128 or 3-1038 keys approximately. Suppose we forecast that about ten one million million computers are assigned the task of breaking the code, each capable of testing ten billion keys per second, then, the task of streak through the entire keyspac e would take around 3-1018seconds, which is about c billion years. But, in fact, it would be necessary to run through only half the keyspace to hit upon the correct key, which would take around 50 billion years. This is longer than the estimated age of the universe according to modern cosmology, which is about 15 billion years 2. This shows that, it is practically infeasible to crack modern cryptographic algorithms using Brute Force attacks. So, one can imagine the effectiveness of the modern cryptographic algorithms and their resistance towards cryptanalytic attacks.Conclusions Cryptography has progressed in upstart years and modern cryptographic algorithms have proved to be successful in defending against most forms of cryptanalytic attacks. Frequency analysis based attacks have proved to exploit the weaknesses in traditional encryption algorithms into uncover the plaintext message that was encrypted using them. The natural language used to encrypt messages is not considered to be random in nature, which is exploited by frequency counting based attacks. Based upon the frequency of letters that occur in the ciphertext, one can guess the plaintext characters due to their redundancy rate and the specific combination of letters in a word. This weakness can be repelled by using stream ciphers, which do not carry the redundancy in the plaintext to the ciphertext. Modern block cipher, encrypt a chunk of plaintext into ciphertext and vice versa, eliminating the redundancy of language used in encryption. Although the algorithm plays an important part, it is the key length used in block ciphers that helps in repelling cryptanalysis. Modern ciphers use a key length starting from 128 bits, eliminating the possibility of a fauna force attack to decrypt the message. The higher the key length, the more time it takes to break these ciphers. These advantages have made modern cryptographic algorithms more commonplace among the security community. No known weaknesses have been found in these algorithms yet, that may allow one to identify the plaintext message. Bibliography1 Stallings, W., Cryptography and Network Security, Chapter 1, Third Edition, apprentice Hall, 20032 Schneier, B., Applied Cryptography, Chapter 1, Second Edition, antic Wiley Sons, New York City, New York, USA, 19963 Hart, G.W., To Decode little(a) Cryptograms, Communications of the ACM 37(9), 1994, pp. 102-1084 Lee, K.W., Teh, C.E., Tan, Y.L., Decrypting English Text Using Enhanced Frequency Analysis, home(a) Seminar on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (STSS 2006), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia5 Zipf, GK., Human Behaviour and the Principle of least(prenominal) Effort, 1949, Cambridge Addison Wesley Publications.6 Lewand, R.E., Cryptological Mathematics, The Mathematical Association of America, 2000, Pages 345-3467 Stamp, M and Low, R.M., Applied Cryptanalysis, 2007, Chapter 1 and 2, John Wiley Sons, New York City, New York, USA 8 http//www.simonsingh.net, Online interne t frequency analysis tools9 http//www.textalyser.net, online text analysis and frequency analysis information

Mom :: essays research papers

When I was little, I referred to them as mom Susie and Mommy Patti. Mommy Susie was the one who gave birth to me, the one who died in a car accident when I was eleven months old. Mommy Patti was the one who married my soda pop when I was both and a half, who adopted me as her child, and has taken fright of me ever since. I have vivid memories of public lecture to my adoptive begin ab push through my biological mother, a subject matter which now seems fishily inappropriate. I think that, when I was younger, I did not entirely stop the idea of dying. I had no concept of the delicate familial clear that was woven when one woman was taken away and another stepped in to fill her shoes.I have no recollection of ever talking to my dad and brother about my mother. My dad plays the role of the strong male person figure in the family, void of emotion and distress. He gives me no proffer as to what my mother was like, perhaps because of his inclination to leave the past in the past . As for my brother, I can only imagine the impact that her death had on him. He was only four years old when he witnessed the whole gruesome ordeal, and I often feel that it is not my piazza to inquire about her, stirring up feelings he has deliberately stifled for so many years. Although it can be argued that I have two mothers with twice the love and twice the caring, I some snips feel that I have no mother at all. I get envious easily when I see the bond that many people voice with their mother. To no fault of anyone, my relationship with my adoptive mother seems lacking in that area. They say that the love a mother feels for her child the first time she sees it is incomparable. I often feel as if I have been cheated out of such affection, as if part of me is missing. The bond that I had with my mother was bewildered before I even had the chance to experience it.Perhaps the virtually difficult part of my situation is discerning right from wrong. Is it wrong for me to rally my biological mother my real mother? Does that take away credibility from the woman who has loved me and taken care of me for fifteen years?

Violence in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Violence in LiteratureMohandas Gandhi once declared these words, I object to violence be rush when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary, the unrighteous it does is per man variety showent. The same keister be said about many things in life. However, when thought about, few people may consider the violence brought up in literature. In the novel The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, there are many scenes that garnish the blind, violent nature that most humans tend to share. Mark dyad has used violence throughout his novel to enhance his beliefs on the injustices of thr bothdom and any other form of senseless violence dealn to mankind. From the start out with mammillas continuous abuse towards Huck, till the end with Emmiline Grangerfords poetry, is filled with violent sections that hit the roof the hypocrisy and stupidity of people. Almost immediately we are introduced to the drunken, deranged man who is Huck?s father, Pap. Pap is an alcoholic who roams from place to place purchasing up booze and sleeping wherever he can. Huck has neer viewed him as a real father figure because Pap has to the highest degree never been there for Huck, except when he is ?disciplining? him. Pap is uneducated and disapproves of Huck attending school. Pap tells Huck, youre educated...You think yourre bettern your father, now, dont you, because he cant? (14) Huck puts up with Pap?s numerous beatings because he does not want to be the cause of any more contr all oversies between himself and Pap. Huck explains, If I never learnt cipher else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with his kind of people is to let them bugger off their own way (95). Pap?s addiction to alcohol is how Twain views the affect that alcohol can have on a person. He believes that alcohol is a money waster, can affect the sanity of people, and how it can turn even decent manpower into complete scoundrels. Subsequently, Huck continues his journey down the river to ano ther town where he suddenly finds himself staying with the Grangerfords. Huck soon befriends a boy named Buck who tells him all about the feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons. Both have been fighting for over 30 years but neither of them know exactly wherefore they are battling each other. Buck explains, ??but they don?t know now what the row was about in the first place?(180). The tribal ware fare of the families is suppressed with religion.

Savage Contradiction in Heterotopia :: Culture Cultural Essays

Savage Contradiction in Heterotopia During the 1930s, the myth of the people was born. This myth stressed the importance of accordance, and glorified the touch sensation of average, as evidenced in a prize-winning essay describing the typical American boy, written by an eighth grader named Alfred Roberts, Jr., for a contest sponsored by the 1939-40 blank New York Worlds Fair. This document, which claims that a typical American boy should be courageous, dependable, and devoted to his beliefs, was clearly reflective of the values the Fair held dear (Susman, 1980, p. 22). Yet, for all the unity the Fair stressed, it was plagued by contradictions - Contradictions that can be closely associated with those found in the 1954 saucy cleric of the Flies, by William Golding. To begin, I will provide a summary of this novel, as well as insights into the authors motivations for writing such a book. I will then discuss the contradictions found within the novel, and their sexual congress t o those found at the 1939-40 Worlds Fair and its streamlined view of human nature. William Golding wrote Lord of the Flies following his experiences in World War II when, later witnessing countless acts of mans inhumanity to man, he became disenchanted with human nature. Golding believed that humans, including children, were inherently evil, and if go away without direction, would revert back to savage ways. This is the premise for his most famous novel which opens on a deserted island following the shooting down of a plane carrying a group of boys. All the boys and none of the adults survive the crash, going away the boys on an island heterotopia - a physical locale set apart from traditionalistic public life where rules and expectations are suspended. Although the first character, Ralph, is originally excited at the idea of No grownups, his counterpart, Piggy is focused on the need for guidance and rules. This is when the boys encounter the conch, which is a type of shell, whic h if blown into in a authentic spot, creates a sound loud enough to signal all the boys garbled across the island to a central meeting spot. The conch comes to represent authority, as it is distinct that anyone holding it must be listened to. As the boys gather, Ralph is chosen as their leader, ofttimes to the dismay off Jack, another main character, and his gang, who refuse to submit to his authority.

Democratic Outlaws :: essays research papers fc

&65279 DEMOCRATIC OUTLAWS ?Pirates, the outlaws of the sea. If like me, the first idea that comes to mind regardingpirates is a group of raiding and plundering individuals. This is due to todays friendship glamorizingthe pirates as fascinating characters. Historically, not much written information has been left wingbehind. The pirates did not leave ship logs or accounts of plunders, because it could be used to suggest them. Society today has invented the pirates to fit a romantic mold. Therefore, wegrew up idea of treasure hunts, sea battles, sword fights and plank walkers, when in actualitythe pirates of old were loathed by society. During the Golden Age of Piracy, during the 17th and18th centuries, pirates were regarded as common criminals of the seas without imagination todemocracy/justice or civility. In short, the pirates had no decency. However, is there near truthto the glamorized legends? Could the legendary characters subscribe to upheld the same ideals? In thecourse of the semester, we have learned some of the truths behind the glamorized pirate facade. Throughout life I have seen that good is more often than not overshadowed by bad. I decided togive these characters the benefit of the doubt and do some investigating. In this essay, I willattempt to prove that human decency among the pirates could have existed. civility is one trait rarely associated with pirates. Why should civility be associated as atrait of pirates? After all, pirates raid, plunder, steal, rape, drink and swear. Civilized people donot participate in lowly, unlawful behavior. Pirates were know to be ebullient drunks, ruthless killers, indulgers of women and unruly individuals. In defense of pirate civility, I essential point outa few precedents. Lord Byrons The corsair is an excellent example of pirate decency. Conrad,Byrons hero and captain of a pirate crew, shows remarkable civility for a pirate. While TheCorsair is a fancied work, many of the pirate tales, as in other f ictional works, derive fromactual occurrences. While Conrads crew is toasting spirts and make happy about, he remainscomposed. Neer for his lip the purplng cup they fill, That goblet passes him untasted still . . .But while he shuns the grosser joys of sense, His mind seems cater by that abstinence(Byron 152). Conrad does not overindulge and does not become unruly. Conrad does not kill unnecessarily and when forced to kill, it is in defense. Conrad does not ravage women. He ismarried but loves only one. Jean Lafitte is a factual example of civility.

Taming of the Shrew: Male Domination Essay -- English Literature Essay

Taming of the termagant staminate DominationThe Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespe atomic number 18, deals with marriage. The ideas explored are primarily shown through with(predicate) the characters of Petruchio and Katharina. We are introduced to the trials and tribulations which present themselves in their everyday lives. The characters bring up a traditionalistic concept of male supremacy. Through the play we see the need for domination through Petruchio, and the methods he uses to dominate. While these ideas of male domination beget remained a constant throughout the years, however newly there has been a throw toward equality. Males continually want to be the best, being a distinct precession in their lives. Knowing t don they are the best acts as a keep back valve in their life. This is best demonstrated in our own society through sports. Men trained to be brutal killers. When a sports career is everyplace men are left with a void to vent frustration. This fea ture of todays society can also be seen in Shakespeares time in the sport of falconing. Falconry is the sport of taming a wild falcon. The falcons spirit has to be scattered before the taming can occur. After the spirit is broken, the animal can be tamed. Mens training in and enjoyment of falconry connects to their desire for dominance in a human relationship. This type of domination easily relates to spousal relationships. If a married woman acts disobediently and like a shrew then a need for taming can evolve. William Whately, author of A Bride-Bush, justifies the occasions that a maintain can use violence against his wife. But yet if a wife will put upon herself even servile conditions, if she will abase herself foolish, childish, instrumental behavior, I see why the rod or staff or wand should non be for the fools back in this case also. (Whately, 224) playacting in foolish, childish, slavish behavior permits the husband to teach the wife illegitimate doing and therefore t aming her not to be a shrew. This circumstance relates to that of a reboot spanking a child when discipline is needed. The point is to teach not to do wrongful things. Men revert back to their need to be the best, and to dominate in a spousal relationship fills that void. Petruchio tames Katharina on some(prenominal) occasions. The first taming scene is during Petruchio and Katharinas wedding. Petruchio shows up in a new hat and an old jerkin a pair of old breeche... ...eir husband, and because of this domestic violence is taken more seriously. The ideals represented in Taming of the Shrew are out dated. We, as Americans, have come towards a concept of equality in relationships. Male dominant relationships were common thought out the mid-forties and fifties in the United States. Women were deemed as housewives, whose job was to clean and have dinner induce for their husbands return from work. Imagining women in that type of status is difficult to do in society. Families are not a place for a tyranny. Families are a source of love, not a place to dominate through order. ii people are certainly collectively smarter than one person. Male magisterial treatment towards women is hard to comprehend. If one looks back on the stereotypical relationships of our grandparents during the forties and fifties, the many changes with todays generation easily juxtapose. We see women with high paying jobs and effective positions in life. Single women raising families have become a recent trend. A sense of how far we as a society have come since Shakespeares time to today verifies that male domination is dying out. We as a society have shifted towards equality.

Platos Allegory of a Cave, Wachowskis Matrix, and Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of Time :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Platos Allegory of a Cave, Wachowskis intercellular substance, and Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of TimePlatos Allegory of a Cave is a invention ab kayoed prisoners that are chained underground, who can not see anything ask out for shadows caste on a w each(prenominal) by a fire. The only(prenominal) thing that these prisoners can see is the shadows of good deal. Eventually, one of the prisoners breaks free of the chain and ventures out into the real population. In the real orbit the freed prisoner discovers that the shadows in the cave are created from light diverge off people. He recognizes there is a whole new earth filled with light. The freed prisoner is very composite and blinded by the light so he decides to return to the cave. When the prisoner returns to the cave, he shares what he saw in the real world with the some other prisoners. The remaining prisoners treat the freed prisoner like he is crazy and they promulgate the freed prisoner that the real world does not exist. The prisoners in the cave do not believe in the real world because the cave is all that they know exists. Platos story is a close parallel to the film The Matrix and Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of Time. Platos theory suggests that masses should be silenced in order to discourage desire because desire leads people to be unjust. Thus, equilibrium is needed to create peace and prevent loony bin between two powerful worlds. The parallel of Platos theory can be seen in Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of Time. The novel is nigh a chosen person, Connie, and her journey to keep peace between the cable car world and the human world. Connie has special communicating powers, in which she is able to mop up two completely different future worlds. The first world is a total utopia where Connie communicates with Luciente. The utopian world is a very high spirited, trustworthy, goodly community which is extremely peaceful and relies very little on technology. The world in a dysu topian, is completely controlled by com barfers, and humans are slave-like to cyborgs. This world is very dirty and the world was completely trashed. Connie lives in the present, where the worlds future is stake by complete control by machines or a world with no technology. Like the prisoner in Platos story, Connie is shunned by society and put in a mental hospital.

Blogs - Power of Bloggers and the Magnitude of the Blogosphere Essay ex

The Power of Bloggers and the Magnitude of the Blogosphere What is a communicate? Blog is a entanglement-based writing space, an online journal, a virtual forum its self-maintained blade page that provide a list of links to other web sites along with comments and critics about the links its a site go foring chronologically uniform info, both personal and impersonal. Its something new - something that give change the way we print just like the way the invention of paper and printing pack view as influenced our culture. There are many ways to describe what the blog is or what it serves, scarcely a single word can contain everything that blog represents and that is LINK. This link can be as small as a bridge between a person to another but what blogging software such as the Movable Type provide is a virtual community where people of all ages, gender, and race come in concert and share ideas, give feedbacks to opinions of others, and to interact in a well-mannered way. Th e open access to internet will draw more and more netizens to the blogosphere, therefrom the net function of the bloggers will be global in approximative future. Furthermore, contradictory a one-way information route that a paper-based publication takes, bloggers will give, take, and also combine ideas to construct a multiple lanes of interactive information to be reached out to ears and eyes of the bloggers at first, then to the netizens and eventually the consentient world at large.Like with the beginning of new things, the primitive bloggers didnt have a specific name for what they were doing. It took many years for blogging to become commercialized and subscribed by many internet users. Nevertheless, blogging has existed since the beginning of the internet. At first, authoritative knowledg... ...he local bloggers nevertheless, the interactivities that linked each students and the professor within our own STS-osphere intelligibly project what will take place in every home, work place, classroom, and everywhere one can imagine in very near future. 1 Mumford, The founding of the Printing Press in Communication in History Technology, Culture, Society, Crowley and Heyer, eds. (p.96)2 Foley, John. Are You Blogging Yet? July 22, 2002. http//www.informationweek.com/story/IWK20020719S00013 From news report to Written Language The Role of Abstract Counting in the Invention of Writing in The Social Construction of written Communication, Denise Schmandt-Besserat p.1254 Manjoo, Farhad. bombast, Blah, Blah and Blog Feb. 18, 2002. http//www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,50443,00.html5 Living in the Blog-Osphere Newsweek, Steven bill August 26, 2002

Education Today Essay -- essays papers

Education Today A college procreation is suggested to be the approximately heavily judged form of qualification to be looked at when looking for travel opportunities. But what is a college didactics? Is it something you go out and buy at the just about prestigious of College Universitys? Do you simply hand over 25,000 dollars a year, and at the end of 4 years, give or take a few, you argon handed a diploma that says, Educated? In my opinion, this is todays view on what education is. It is less of a conquest of knowledge then it is bonnie a stepping-stone towards a career. ass Newman suggested that all forms of education and knowledge are connected to sterilizeher, and that the subject matter of knowledge is united in itself. separately Science that we break our knowledge in to, complete, correct and balance the others. This is what John Henry Newman wrote in, The Idea of a University. This was written to discuss the idea of a Catholic University, so it has a large influence on how we get our education today. We take specific courses that educate us in our major, and a number of other core courses that help shape our ideas and views into that which we are learning. If an education is confined to only one subject, Newman believes the soulfulnesss work in life whitethorn favor the advancement of a particular pursuit or sales booth over another, due to ignorance. This is the approach we take at Seton Hall and most other Universitys in the world towards an education. But is this the only form of education that is valid? Jon Spayde believed that one could gain education in any modal value he wants. If biology was an individuals serious interest, he could observe life passim the year and justifiably educate himself that way. Anything you had int... ...roader the education you get the more educated you will become in all areas of your study. However, I also deal that it isnt necessary to pay for a college degree to be truly educated. The occupation is you have nothing to show for or prove your intellect. In todays war-ridden party everyone wants the best, and if you dont complete a college education and have your own individual flares your going to have a much harder time landing a job then perhaps someone you are smarter then. You cant just be the best, you have to show that you are the best. It seems that if you can throw 100,000 dollars away on a degree today, you probably will have a gracious job waiting for you when you graduate. So the individual with the advantage in society is the one who loves what he paid to get educated in. Education in a field that you love is the only true conquest of knowledge.

Who is the real Shakespeare? Essay -- William Shakespeare Playwrights

Who is the real number Shakespeare? One of the largest mysteries of current time is the debate over who the actor of the plays ordinarily attributed to William Shakespeare really is. Commonly termed as the authorship problem, adult maley skeptics believe that the William Shaksper of Stratford (the recite of his name originally) could not have been the true composer of the plays he is traditionally attributed with. Although the perspective of someone besides Shakespeare composing the plays is not popular with the American and European world, there are excessive theories concerning the truth behind the possibility of the whole shebang being authentically his. Doubts about the true composer of Shakespeares works loosely arise from the fact that there is no logical match betwixt the working- menage William Shaksper of Stratford and the work, and the absence of proper documentation that connect him to any of the works. match to Volker Multhopp in his essay Why I am not a Stratfordian, This gentle humankind achieved the absolute pinnacle of English lit epochture in an era when class was paramount, yet his own origin was absolutely ordinary-- middle class (1). According to the Oxford Society in the Shakespeare Authorship FAQ, Nothing about the Stratford man rings true his character, his background, his education, his family, his friends, his behavior towards his debtors and his neighbors, his recorded conversation and his attitude to money and property (1). With all of the evidence pointed against the Stratford man as being the author of the worlds greatest literature, Stratfordians claim that the consequential details of his life sentence pointing against him merely make him an unmitigated genius. Doubts about the... ...st literature of all times. It is realizable that the Stratford man could have befriended aristocrats and gained the favor of Elizabeth herself, even having guidance from other aristocrats. On the other hand, because there is no evidence that the Stratford man was the author of the works, it is backbreaking to accept the common man as the William Shakespeare that the plays were ac reference worked to. Perhaps the spring that Shakespeares works have not been attributed to any other man would attest to the fact that scholars are not willing to accept the implications that the man celebrated to be the worlds most ingenious literary figure is not, in fact, who he was thought to be. However, the search for evidence lede to the true author will continue out of the ethical implications that credit must be given to the true author of the worlds greatest literature.

The Sons Veto Essay examples -- The Sons Veto Thomas Hardy Essays

The Sons contradictThomas stalwart was a novelist and a slap-up poet. He was born into the workings divide until he marital into the fastness distinguish, forgetting slightlyhis past because of the embarrassment it caused him. He was born in1840 and died in 1928.Sophy is an upper class woman with a lower class background who isused to working class expectations and non up to the standard of theupper class. Sophy had worked as a maid in the syndicate of the reverendas a young girl and after his for the first time wife died had stayed to confront afterthe reverend. After an accident which left her part lame, thereverend asked her to connect him. Her life would keep been happier ifshe had married Sam instead. She would not have been caught surrounded bysocietys boundaries.An congressman of his embarrassment round his background is shown when heis alleged to have nullifyed evidence of his past when working on hisautobiography about him. He was reluctant for his upper cl assacquaintances to spot about his inadequate past. Another vitrine is the factthat he did not invite his family to his wedding. He was embarrassedabout them and did not consider them computable enough to riffle with his newfamily. This is reflected in The Sons Veto when Mr Twycott ensuredthat the wedding was held in secret because it would destroy MrTwycotts reputation. In those days people from the two classes could neer mix.Another example is that Sophy and Rev Twycott gave up their home inGaymead and went to hold up in a small dusty house in London. Theywere however away from everyone who had know her former position.This is an example of Rev Twycott wanting to get away from expressionand gossip. They were prepared to unwrap up everything to avoid gossipand hide ... ...ship with Sam, so denying her any felicity and socontributed to her downfall.The Sons Veto is written in the ternion psyche. audacious however, intrudeson the narration with his personal comments suc h as his comments onSophys hairstyle and the amount of judgment of conviction and work she spent on it. Shehad done it all herself, poor thing. She had no maid and it was theonly accomplishment she could boast of. Hardy evokes the readerssympathy for Sophy by giving her a hard life who never gets what shewants because of the restrictions of society.Sophy had a subprogram of weaknesses but I believe that the restrictionsof society compete a great part in her downfall. If she had married aworking class person she would have had a far happier life. Generally,it is far easier now for the two accessible classes to mix, people aremore tolerant about other peoples origins. The Sons Veto Essay examples -- The Sons Veto Thomas Hardy EssaysThe Sons VetoThomas Hardy was a novelist and a great poet. He was born into theworking class until he married into the upper class, forgetting abouthis past because of the embarrassment it caused him. He was born in1840 and died in 1928 .Sophy is an upper class woman with a lower class background who isused to working class expectations and not up to the standard of theupper class. Sophy had worked as a maid in the house of the reverendas a young girl and after his first wife died had stayed to look afterthe reverend. After an accident which left her partially lame, thereverend asked her to marry him. Her life would have been happier ifshe had married Sam instead. She would not have been caught betweensocietys boundaries.An example of his embarrassment about his background is shown when heis alleged to have destroyed evidence of his past when working on hisautobiography about him. He was reluctant for his upper classacquaintances to know about his poor past. Another example is the factthat he did not invite his family to his wedding. He was embarrassedabout them and did not consider them good enough to mix with his newfamily. This is reflected in The Sons Veto when Mr Twycott ensuredthat the wedding was held in sec ret because it would destroy MrTwycotts reputation. In those days people from the two classes couldnever mix.Another example is that Sophy and Rev Twycott gave up their home inGaymead and went to live in a small dusty house in London. Theywere however away from everyone who had known her former position.This is an example of Rev Twycott wanting to get away from observationand gossip. They were prepared to give up everything to avoid gossipand hide ... ...ship with Sam, thus denying her any happiness and socontributed to her downfall.The Sons Veto is written in the third person. Hardy however, intrudeson the narration with his personal comments such as his comments onSophys hairstyle and the amount of time and work she spent on it. Shehad done it all herself, poor thing. She had no maid and it was theonly accomplishment she could boast of. Hardy evokes the readerssympathy for Sophy by giving her a hard life who never gets what shewants because of the restrictions of society.Sophy ha d a number of weaknesses but I believe that the restrictionsof society played a great part in her downfall. If she had married aworking class person she would have had a far happier life. Generally,it is far easier today for the two social classes to mix, people aremore tolerant about other peoples origins.

What Compact Disc Would I Take to a Desert Island? :: Music

What Compact Disc Would I pretend to a Desert Island?Tough question. What else to take? Easy Enough. I would playact as many bags of Utz Salt n Vinegar potato chips as possible, one copy of Earnest Hemmingways The Old Man and the Sea, and I figure just virtually any woman would suit me. Denied these things, the filling of a Desert Island Disc is made much more complicated. With zip else to occupy my mind I need that one great disc. frequently wish Nick Tosches pick of Sticky Fingers I find this termination extremely difficult But Sticky Fingers is a choice as mysterious and as difficult to explain to myself as anyone else.(Tosches 4) The choices are many and Im pulled and so many different directions at at one time it is very difficult to decide. Santiago had it easy Ill take the Marlin over this essay any day.The first band that popped into my pass was, of course, Led Zeppelin. But, soonerhand I model of any Zeppelin phonograph albums a few different choices came by. The first had to be Pink Floyds Dark Side of the Moon. This album gets as much listening time as any bingle Led Zeppelin album. The music is haunting, powerful, and emotional. The problem with this is it lacks some of the levity that I matte up would be necessary on the Desert Island. Tracks standardized Time, which is rough how fast time goes by in life, would only remind of how amount of money wrenchingly slow time would flow on the desolate sandbar. Darkside had to go. My next archetype was Yes 90125 released when the band reformed in the early 80s. This album in my opinion is on of the greatest albums ever composed. It though my entire life story has consumed the lions share of my listening time. This album flows as to the highest degree a singular musical creation. But this lacked levity and more importantly the flesh that I wanted. This one wouldnt fly either.The next album that popped into my enquiry was Das Efx Dead Serious. This rap album might sound manage a strange choice when compared to the some other albums Ive described. But I love it. It kindred 90125 really is a masterpiece of album composing. I love the beats and the rolling rhythm of the lyrics. The problem with this is that much like Yes it lacks the regeneration I wanted.All said and done my choice has to be Led Zeppelins Houses of the Holy.What Compact Disc Would I fasten on to a Desert Island? MusicWhat Compact Disc Would I engineer to a Desert Island?Tough question. What else to take? Easy Enough. I would have as many bags of Utz Salt n Vinegar potato chips as possible, one copy of Earnest Hemmingways The Old Man and the Sea, and I figure just about any woman would suit me. Denied these things, the choice of a Desert Island Disc is made much more complicated. With null else to occupy my mind I need that one great disc. such(prenominal) like Nick Tosches choice of Sticky Fingers I find this conclusion extremely difficult But Sticky Fingers is a choice as myster ious and as difficult to explain to myself as anyone else.(Tosches 4) The choices are numerous and Im pulled and so many different directions at erstwhile it is very difficult to decide. Santiago had it easy Ill take the Marlin over this essay any day.The first band that popped into my head was, of course, Led Zeppelin. But, before I thought of any Zeppelin albums a few other choices came by. The first had to be Pink Floyds Dark Side of the Moon. This album gets as much listening time as any oneness Led Zeppelin album. The music is haunting, powerful, and emotional. The problem with this is it lacks some of the levity that I matt-up would be necessary on the Desert Island. Tracks like Time, which is about how fast time goes by in life, would only remind of how feel wrenchingly slow time would flow on the desolate sandbar. Darkside had to go. My next thought was Yes 90125 released when the band reformed in the early 80s. This album in my opinion is on of the greatest albums ever c omposed. It though my entire biography has consumed the lions share of my listening time. This album flows as most a singular musical creation. But this lacked levity and more importantly the variety that I wanted. This one wouldnt fly either.The next album that popped into my head was Das Efx Dead Serious. This rap album might sound like a strange choice when compared to the other albums Ive described. But I love it. It like 90125 really is a masterpiece of album composing. I love the beats and the rolling rhythm of the lyrics. The problem with this is that much like Yes it lacks the variety I wanted.All said and done my choice has to be Led Zeppelins Houses of the Holy.

If Time Could Be Saved In A [in a] Bottle :: Essays Papers

If Time Could Be Saved In A in a BottleNice championship -- I wish more students put more thought into their titles.1 Anyone who has much exposure to the geriatric population knows that some elderly volume argon very content with their lives. Even though their bodies may non possess the same physical capabilities that they did in youth, they be surrounded by an aura of contentment that almost make one envious of the intimate peace reaped as compensation for a action lived to its fullest capacity. SV Agr - 1 Given other chance at youth, they would not change the path their lives rush taken. The origin two paragraphs could have been combined into one. 2 There arc others who are bitter with the game that mother nature has played with them. They feel they have not been dealt a fair hand by fate and this is reflected in their manner both physically and spiritually. This is an accurate portrayal of the four friends in the short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne entitled Dr. Heideggers Experiment. Titles As the foot of this story reveals, given a second chance at life, is it practicable for a person to change their behavior. The theme of a sprain should probably not be stated as a question, i.e., either the work suggests that people can change their behavior, or that they cannot. This essay, for example, goes on to suggest that they cannot (or at least that they do not). 3 Each of the four friends had chosen a lifestyle in which they had temporarily basked in the glow of prosperity, only to resort everything that represents success and respect as a result of their behavior. The description of Dr Heideggers submit -- dim, old fashioned, covered with cobwebs and dust -- parallels the physical description provided by the storyteller of the four friends that have gathered for the experiment. The strength of their bodies has faded and left them diminish and wrinkled shells of their former selves. The dark, dank atmosphere of the study refl ects their melancholy personalities. They are characterized as gray, decrepit, sapless, miserable creatures. Although the the four friends had the opportunity in life to create their own pleasant memories to recall, each of them chose a path in life that left them with no fond recollections.