The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business Essay Example For Students

The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business Essay The brewery industry belongs to the fabrication sector under the Nigerian Stock Exchange ( This Day, 2011 ) . It dates back to over six decennaries with the birth of the innovator company ; Nigerian Breweries in 1949 with of star larger beer, followed by Guinness Nigeria in 1962 with Guinness stout. The major merchandises in the brewery industry are beer, stout and non-alcoholic drinks ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . For the intent of this paper, beer will be used to imply lager and stout. We will write a custom essay on The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The industry experienced a roar in the seventiess due to the fledging oil industry and quickly increased from less than five n 1970 to over 30 by 1980 ( Obot, 2000 ) . The ownership of the houses in the industry are either public or state-owned with or without foreign partnership. There are challenges of high operational costs due to importing, expert-skilled labor, care of machinery and equipments. These challenges have lead to the closing of rather a figure of the smaller houses in the early 80s go forthing merely the big houses with strong fiscal base.. At present, there are 13 brewery ( Nigerian Custom Service, 2011 ) companies left with merely four listed under the Nigerian Stock Exchange ( This Day, 2011 ) . The industry is at the adulthood phase of its life rhythm but still remains one of the endeavoring industry in the Nigerian fabrication sector. It has a direct employment of over 30,000 forces and an indirect employment of over 300,000 1000 forces as a consequence of the houses supplying accessory services to the industry ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Nigerian Breweries and Guinness Nigeria are the two major participants in the industry with. Nigerian Breweries taking the market with approximately 65 % market portion while Guinness Nigeria follows with approximately 25 % . They both enjoy economic systems of graduated table and have good return on their investing ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Analysiss of Macro-environmental factors Every industry is affected by factors in the environment in which they operate. These factors which they have no direct control over, may either impact positively or negatively on the industry. The factors used for this analysis are Political, Economic, Social and Technology. Political The Nigerian political history after independency in 1960 has been characterized by a collection of military and civilian authoritiess. The military governments had adversely affected the existent sector, an illustration was the prohibition placed on importing of barley ; the natural stuff for production of beer, by the military authorities of Buhari in 1987 ( Porter A ; Phillips-Howard, 1994 ) . However the past 12 old ages of civilian authorities has witnessed comparative stableness in most parts of the state except for the jitteriness in the Niger Delta part, which has dwindled the state s rough oil gross. It is expected that the ongoing elections will successfully show in a new civilian authorities that will farther stabilise the civil order and make an enabling environment that will pull foreign investors and excite the resuscitation of the existent sector ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Economic Nigeria operates a assorted economic system which encourages the co-existence of both the private sectors and the province in the market topographic point. It is an emerging economic system with possible economic power given the abundant resources. The state s economic system is good diversified along sectoral categorization with the oil sector accounting for over 80 % of its GDP, through rough oil export thereby doing its gross extremely susceptible to the vagaries of the tendencies in the international market ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The economic system is supported by a really resilient and purely regulated fiscal system that has gone through several reforms within the past decennary. While the exchange rate has been comparatively stable in the past two old ages, involvement rates have been closely regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria while attempts to convey rising prices rate below individual figure has been elusive. Other factors that have contributed to the rough economic clime in Nigeria are deficiency of power and unequal substructure. The period between old ages 2000 and 2010 has witnessed the closing of more than 850 industries. However, with the tendency of addition in the fabrication GDP over the past old ages ( i.e. 2008: 3.6 % , 2009: 4.2 % ) , it is expected that a stable terrain will go on to pull investors in old ages to come ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Social Nigeria with its population of about 150 million is a immense potency market for investors. The state is the 2nd largest beer market in Africa after South Africa. South Africa with a population of 47.9million harmonizing to 2007 statistical informations, has a beer ingestion per capita of 50 hectoliters while Nigeria has 10 hectoliters per capita. Industry operators are of the position that the bing houses capacity are non plenty to run into the demand of the market, and there is therefore room for enlargement ( Momoh, 2009 ) . .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .postImageUrl , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:visited , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:active { border:0!important; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:active , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sleep Disorders EssayNigeria is a diverse state with over 250 cultural groups. The population of the state gives a spiritual spread of Muslims ( 50 % ) , Christians ( 40 % ) and autochthonal faiths ( 10 % ) . The Muslims and Pentecostal Christians do non indulge in beer ingestion due to their spiritual beliefs ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) The above notwithstanding, beer ingestion remains a societal activity in Nigeria and the sale of the trade good has continued to increase from twelvemonth to year.. Technology The brewery industry is extremely capital intensifier. This accounts for the ground why the ownership construction is either public and/or state-owned with/without foreign partnership. The engineering for the industry, trim parts and expert technicians are non available in state and hence extremely dependent on foreign exchange. Guinness for illustration has Diego of Ireland as its foreign spouse ( Trade Invest, 2009 ) . The prohibition on importing of barley in 1987 necessitated the industry to settle for local replacement of corn and sorghum as natural stuffs for its production. The end point works transition to suit the new natural stuff input-mix cost Nigerian Brewery a humongous amount of 100million naira! ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . One of the major challenges confronting the industry is the care of equipments and machinery. The participants commit immense fiscal resources in engineering and ascents in order to stay competitory ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Analysis of Industry Competitiveness utilizing Porter Five Forces Industry fight is said to determined by dickering power of purchasers, power of providers, menaces of new rivals, menace of replacement merchandises and competition among existing houses. The profitableness of the industry is determined by these five Forces as they influence monetary values, costs and required investing ( Porter, 1985 ) . Dickering Power of Buyers Buyers create demand in the market and their bargaining power would stand for a strong competitory force if they have sufficient bargaining purchase to act upon and obtain monetary value grants and other favorable footings and conditions of sale ( Thompson et al, 2010 ) . In the instance of the brewery industry, consumers are scattered across specific parts in the state. Some provinces in the Northern portion of Nigeria do non allow the sale of alcoholic drinks due to spiritual beliefs. The monetary value snap demand for gross revenues of brewery merchandises is inelastic, an addition in monetary value may non hold a important impact on demand. A lessening in consumer disposable income may hold a little impact on demand, as purchasers may travel for cheaper trade names or replacement merchandises. The debut of a new merchandise into market that is non related to the brewery industry may vie with brewery merchandises for consumer disposable income. The debut of GSM service into the Nigerian market in 2003 created a serious competition for the brewery industry ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . The industry has good distribution webs, in fact, they are the purchasers in the industry as they control motion of the merchandises from the manufacturer to the retail merchants, and therefore find the monetary value of the merchandises to a certain extent. This unluckily does non let interaction between the manufacturers and the consumers, nevertheless the participants in the industry particularly the two large participants strive to keep contact with their consumers by advertizements, publicity of events and besides sponsorships of assorted programmes and activities ( Jernigan A ; Obot, 2006 ) . Dickering Power of Suppliers Suppliers in the industry include distributers of natural stuffs, constituents and finished merchandises. Such constituents include bottles, crown corks, labels e.t.c. These services are outsourced because the Nigerian jurisprudence does non allow the brewery houses to bring forth them ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . There are more distributers and providers than bing brewery houses in being. The natural stuffs and constituents being uniform give the makers the luxury to take their providers at will ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Nigerian Breweries entirely has about 147 distributers and jobbers within the state ( Famurewa A ; Orekoya, 2008 ) . However the distributers may present a menace to the industry during industrial actions. Menace of new Entrants Harmonizing to Porter, the menace of new entrants will impact the profitableness of an industry ( Porter, 1985 ) as the officeholders may be forced to take down their monetary values in order to deter new entrants thereby cut downing profitableness. In the Nigerian Brewery industry, some factors which help to raise barrier to entry include capital demands, legal costs, economic systems of graduated table, distribution webs ( oppapers.com, 2011 ) . Nigerian Breweries and Guinness both have foreign proficient spouses who provide the needful proficient and fiscal aid ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The other companies are chiefly public or province owned and are localised within their part. There were no new entrant into the concern, until 2009 when SABMiller a South African company came on watercourse with the acquisition of Peabody Breweries and Standard Breweries. SABMiller scheme in deriving portion of the market portion was to bring forth low cost beer for a section of the market who could non afford the premium trade name of the bing market. However Nigeria Breweries was already bring forthing such through Consolidated Breweries one of its subordinate ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .postImageUrl , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:visited , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:active { border:0!important; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:active , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mercent of Venice EssayMenace of Substitute The handiness of replacement may impact an industry s profitableness as consumers may make up ones mind to exchange to a utility merchandise ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . In Nigeria the ingestion of traditional drinks such as burukutu, palm vino and ogogoro has a cultural affinity among consumers in the rural and urban countries. Other possible replacements include alcoholic drinks such as vino, brandy, vodka and non alcoholic drinks such as malt, juice, soft and energy drinks. The alcoholic drinks are known to be consumed by a higher section of the society ( Jernigan A ; Obot, 2006 ) , while the non-alcoholic drinks are to aim the non-beer consuming spiritual groups. Beer nevertheless remains the drink of pick as some surveies carried out have shown its prevailing penchant over other alcoholic drinks ( Obot, 2000 ) . Beer is known to account for 96 % of alcoholic gross revenues in Nigeria ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Intensity of Rivalry among existing houses This is a step of the extent to which bing houses compete among each other for clients, this could be monetary value and non-price based ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . In the industry as mentioned earlier, competition is between the two major participants, nevertheless there are no monetary value wars as the merchandises are differentiated and monetary value differences are undistinguished. The industry produces 22 trade names of laager and 4 trade names of stout besides other non-alcoholic drinks, Nigerian Breweries dominates the market in the larger ( Star ) section while Guinness dominates the stout ( Guinness ) section ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . For non-priced based competition, the two companies compete on merchandise inventions, such as packaging, stigmatization and advertizements. Consumers have witnessed invention of packaging from bottle to can and sip-it battalions. Summary of Five Forces A sum-up of the five forces is herewith presented in the tabular array below utilizing cardinal drivers and attendant consequence on industry ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Table 1 Outline1 Force2 Key drivers3 Consequence4 Company5 Gross ( 2009 ) m6 Market portion7 Market share^2 Force Key drivers Consequence Power of purchasers Concentration is high, no bargaining purchase Low Power of providers Suppliers more than Manufacturers Low Menace of replacement Increased growing in replacement industry High Menace of new Entrant High barrier to entry Low Intensity of competition Two major rivals Moderate Overall analysis Moderate SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis will be used to mensurate an organisation s strengths and failings, chances and menaces in the industry on a four cell chart ( Dibb et al, 2006 ) . Figure 1 Strength Economies of graduated table Strong fiscal base Experience High staff turn-over Inflexible engineering Cost Control Failing Opportunity Technology Market growing Good distribution web Govt statute law Continued low border Failure to capture mkt growing Menace ( Dibbs et al, 2006 ) Recommendations With strength and chance, an organisation in the industry can capitalise by enlargement or acquisition of weaker houses. An organisation with chance and internal failing should watch the market easy and explicate a scheme to construct on its failing. A weak organisation confronting menace should take the strategic turn-around required, by go outing the concern or let itself to be taken over by a bigger house. An organisation with strength but confronting menace should utilize its strength to get the better of its failing ( Dibb et al, 2006 ) Hirschmann Herfindahl Index ( HHI ) HHI is a measuring of the concentration of an industry. It is measured by squaring the amount of the market portion within that industry. A HHI figure greater than 1800 connote an industry that is well concentrated ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Table 2 Company Gross ( 2009 ) m Market portion Market share^2 Nigerian Breweries $ 1,100 65 % 4,225 Guinness Nigeria $ 587.7 25 % 625 Others 10 % 100 Entire 4,950 ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The HHI step gives a figure of 4,950 which shows a extremely concentrated industry be givening towards an oligopoly ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Decision The brewery industry has proved to be a sustainable concern in Nigeria with over six ( 6 ) decennaries of operation and holding survived old ages of unstable civil order, economic downswings and different authorities policy and reforms. The industry has been systematically dominated by Nigerian Breweries and Guinness and is unhappily apt towards oligopoly with the acquisition of five bing breweries by Nigerian Breweries ( allAfrica.com, 2011 ) . Nigeria is still considered one of the least penetrated beer market in the universe in footings of its demographic population of over 150million ( allAfrica.com, 2011 ) . More investors are decidedly welcome, nevertheless such investors will necessitate to perpetrate immense capital spending to construct workss or get existing houses and besides make a strong distribution web in order to vie with the bing houses. Beer ingestion is a win-win state of affairs, Nigerians drink when they are happy and wish to observe, they besides drink when they are sad or emotionally down. The brewery industry will therefore continue to bask a sustained growing in the state.

Solution to cali ed crisis Essays - Susquehanna Valley, Free Essays

Solution to cali ed crisis Essays - Susquehanna Valley, Free Essays Solution to cali ed crisis The $1.4 billion of proposed cuts to California?s higher education have already prompted tuition increases in the UC, CSU, and community college systems, alongside mass layoffs and program cuts. Brown?s budget proposal freezes funding levels for kindergarten through high school (K-12). The unions and media have widely reported this as ?sparing? K-12 education, but the actual situation in schools shows that nothing has been ?spared.? Instead of desperately needed increases, Brown?s proposal will conditionally keep funding at current levels for the 2011-2012 school year. Due to increased attendance, a funding freeze results in lower amounts of spending per pupil. California is already ranked 47th in the nation in per pupil spending. If a set of regressive taxes are not approved by the voters, then billions will be cut from the already reeling education system. Perhaps most importantly, California?s schools will continue to decline even if ?spared,? as prior cuts continue to have their effect. Over the past three years $18 billion has been cut from California?s K-12 system. This has resulted in thousands of layoffs, increased class sizes, shortened school years, and either reduced or eliminated music and art programs. According to State Superintendent Torlakson, 58 percent of schools have cut educational materials, 48 percent have cut nursing and counseling staff, 35 percent have increased class sizes, and nearly half have reduced employee pay. Even with all these reductions, 174 out of 1,077 school districts will be insolvent within three years at the current level of funding. Unsurprisingly, these cuts have affected the districts covering low-income families the hardest. As state funding has dried up, schools have had to rely on local taxes or fundraising to maintain their programs and class sizes. As reported in the San Jose Mercury News, parents in the Cupertino Union School District managed to raise $2.5 million to keep student-teacher ratios at 20-1 for their youngest students. In districts where the community has not cobbled together enough to pick up the state?s slack, the ratio is routinely over 30-1. Beyond suffering more cuts, schools serving low-income communities have a higher proportion of inexperienced teachers, according to statistics gathered by the Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning (CFTL). Due to collective bargaining agreements with the teachers? unions, the last teachers hired are the first to be fired. During the current crisis, this has meant that in addition to suffering more cuts, poorer schools have had higher turnover rates as their low-seniority teachers are fired in greater numbers. This concentration of layoffs in poor communities reached an extreme pitch last year when over half the teachers at three middle schools in the Los Angeles area were laid off, sparking a case brought against the Los Angeles Unified School District by the American Civil Liberties Union. In one school, Liechty, a full 72 percent of the teachers received layoff notices.

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motivation - Essay Example 1-2). Change is a process which plays an important role in our lives. Change is a process that triggers immediate reaction. Managerial decision making is crucial while planning for change as change can either reinforce trust or might destroy the same (Rudolf, 2009, p. 40). The fact that change is not all positive should not deter individuals from embracing change. Change is all pervasive and people seeking change as well as those opposing it must realize that change has its own drawbacks and deficiencies. People who do not seek change and oppose are known as opponents of change and ‘resistance’ is the action adopted by these individuals when they sense that change can be a threat to them. Although resistance is a common thing in the workplace it can also be found in other places. Change and resistance go hand in hand. This is so because people have a tendency to resist change as they feel threatened when they sense change coming. This report will discuss the causes of re sistance to change which can be due to individual resistance, group resistance and organisational resistance. The organisations around the globe are experiencing a rapid change in there structure. The influence on managerial decision for the organisational change is a major concern and can affect the organisation in a great way. It is important to analyse the after effects of this decision taken by the leaders of the organisation. Moreover it has become difficult for the staff members to sustain in the changing organisational environment which leads to employee turnover and job dissatisfaction (Bianco et al., 2007, p. 188). The influences on managerial decision in context to the organisation change are directly related to the resistance of individuals and groups to the organisation change. This can further be elaborated as: I. Individual and group resistance There are various reasons behind the resistance of people towards the organisation change. In some cases it is an individual w ho resists the change while in most of the cases group resistance is common. The main causes related to the individual resistance could be the outcome of the change which is uncertain makes the individual insecure and causes the resistance towards organisation change. Another reason why individual resist change is due to their tendency to perceive selective information which is linked to their existing outlook about the organisation. This makes them vary of the changes as they tend to focus on the outcome which has an impact on them while rest of the benefits are neglected. Another fact is the habit of the individuals or the preferences of individuals for similar proceedings and activities which also acts as an obstruction to change (Jennifer, 2009, p. 602). Group resistance is another form of opposing the change and occurs when the alteration in the relationship and task caused by the change makes it difficult for the group to adapt to the change. The change disturbs the norms made by the groups. Secondly it has been found that attractiveness between members of a group affects the performance. To overcome this changes are required in the structure of the organisati

A case study of Reorganisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

A case study of Reorganisation - Essay Example Since there are now a large number of companies with suitable capacity, or availability of funds due to investment interest from the general public, there is now a lot of competition and a continuous pressure to develop new drugs. As a result, some companies have come out on top with Glaxo Smith Kline, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Merial, Roche, Merck Sharp and Dohme and Novartis being the top companies. (Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, Health Committee, 215) Do the companies look that they are in trouble? At the same time, the government requires medicines for support of some activities that it has been doing for a long time and they are curtailed for some time since a decision has been taken that there should be no loss incurred by government help to the needy. Is it justified, or is it impossible for the government to force these companies to help the needy public with a supply of essential medicines? Whereas the motor vehicle sector of the i ndustry in the UK has fallen behind other countries in Europe as technological capabilities have dropped. The plants for the manufacture of motor vehicles in Britain have been joined to the existing chains in Europe for the different multinational companies and this has reduced the amount of research that is going on in the UK. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical sector has been chosen by the multinational enterprises for improvement of research facilities and thus it now occupies an important position on the continent.... es have come out on top with Glaxo Smith Kline, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Merial, Roche, Merck Sharp and Dohme and Novertis being the top companies. (Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, Health Committee, 215) Do the companies look that they are in trouble At the same time, the government requires medicines for support of some activities that it has been doing for a long time and they are curtailed for some time since a decision has been taken that there should be no loss incurred by government help to the needy. Is it justified, or is it impossible for the government to force these companies to help the needy public with supply of essential medicines Whereas the motor vehicle sector of the industry in UK has fallen behind other countries in Europe as technological capabilities have dropped. The plants for manufacture of motor vehicles in Britain have been joined to the existing chains in Europe for the different multinational companies and this has reduced the amount of research that is going on in UK. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical sector has been chosen by the multinational enterprises for improvement of research facilities and thus it now occupies and important position on the continent. The country is now the home to 4 of the 32 of the largest producers of medicines in the world. It is not that this arrangement is harmful for the companies which have set up facilities for research in Britain. They get the advantage of the training in science that the students here get. (Ross, 183) At the same time, it is also clear that the benefits that the companies get do not depend on the training or education that students get. (M ark, 88) Thus it is clear that industry is trying to get the full benefit that Britain has to offer

Assessment of Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessment of Organizational Culture - Essay Example mpanies that strive to be progressive and innovative especially, purposely implement such changes and create such environments that help them to gain strategic advantages in the marketplace. Some of these companies have set benchmarks for themselves for the best practices in organizational behaviour appropriate to creating the right and required organizational cultural characteristics. â€Å"The necessity of innovation is now universally accepted, but beyond their enthusiasm for bright ideas, most leaders know that to be successful over the long term they have to develop a strong innovation culture.† (Morris, Langdon. 2007) Here, we list five companies that have benchmarked the best practices on organizational cultural characteristics that support innovation and change. The first three are acknowledged as being amongst the most innovative companies in the world. The top companies are dominated of course by the American and Japanese. To these we add two more innovative companies from other countries. Apple â€Å"has grown dramatically over a short time, has a forward looking, optimistic culture, seeing itself as a David growing in strength at the expense of a Goliath.† (Ernst & Young) Last year alone saw the release of five major products: Mac OS X 10.5 aka Leopard, iPod Touch, and iPhone 2, iLife ’08 and iWorks ’08, plus witnessed record growth levels. Apple has a history of success in exploiting niche market opportunities. GE has made great strides in innovation recently with the invention of the HD CT scanner that reduces radiation exposure by half, a hybrid locomotive that reduces emissions by a half, and a splendid reengineering of the CF34 jet engine. (Mark Borden, 2008) Perhaps more regarded as innovative in the West than in Japan itself; nonetheless, it helped develop the just-in-time (JIT) approach some time back that enabled it to make breakthroughs in the simplification of manufacturing processes. And, it is still renowned throughout the world for

The Barriers To Communication

The Barriers To Communication While there are many subtleties to communication between people with some basic skills can actually help you to be even effective communicator. On this assignment we will explore barriers to listening and strategies for effective listening, Barriers to accurate perception and barriers to effective verbal communication and strategies for accurate perception and lastly strategies for effective verbal communication. Listening may not seem like a complicated process when someone speaks you listen. As you are ready to receive the information and being communicated you are likely not actually realizing that you are decoding the dialogue or interpreting it Barriers to Communication If noise is whatever interferes with communication between sender and receiver (and vice versa), its important to understand what causes noise-what are the main barriers to communication. There are three main types of barriers: external, internal, and semantic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ External barriers to communications include environmental and visual distractions. Suppose you are listening to your professor and suddenly you see your favorite movie star walk by in the hallway. Do you think you would hear and understand everything your professor was saying at that moment? Or maybe youre on a date and having a hard time hearing what your companion is saying because of the racket in the restaurant. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internal barriers come from within the receiver. They include not paying attention or not listening, boredom, and lack of interest. If a student is sitting in class daydreaming instead of listening to the instructor, for example, how much communication is taking place? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Semantic barriers come from differences in language, education, and culture. Obviously if the sender is speaking in English and the receiver doesnt understand English, theres a problem. But even if the sender and receiver speak English, they may not speak the same dialect. The words they use may not mean the same thing. If you order a soda in Washington, DC, for example, youll get a soft drink. If you order a soda in Detroit, youll get a drink made of soda water and flavored syrup with ice cream floating in it. If youre from the United States and youre speaking to a Scot from Glasgow, you may have a hard time simply understanding his Pronunciation. And your accent may be incomprehensible to him! Four Steps to Effective Interpersonal Communication If you are the sender, its your job to find ways to penetrate the noise that prevents clear communication. Following these four steps in your communication will help you do so: 1. Focus your message 2. Magnify the listeners attention 3. Penetrate barriers 4. Listen actively. Focus Your Message Focusing your message means planning before you speak. Think carefully about what you want to say and how you want to say it. Decide what your goal is: to inform, to persuade, to direct, or to do something else. Be sure you understand who your audience is so you understand where the audience is coming from as it receives your message. Make sure your message is specific and concise. Get to the point; dont be diverted into side issues. Present your message politely, and be objective-state all sides positions fairly before arguing your own. (If the listener perceives that you are biased, this itself can become an important barrier to communication.) Magnify the Listeners Attention Ask yourself: Why should my listener care about what I have to say? You must create interest-make your message relevant to the listener. If your instructor suddenly announces that something will be on your next exam, youre more likely to pay attention. If you announce that what youre about to say will save your listeners money, youre likely to grab their attention. Find something in your message that your listener can relate to and make sure you highlight that. Make it clear that your message is important. For example, if you suddenly announce that What Im about to say could save your life, before you discuss a crucial safety issue, youll grab the listeners interest. But your ideas must really be important. Simply declaring that they are wont do it-you must persuade the audience through the clarity and logic of your arguments and your evidence that your message really is significant. Again, think about your message from the audiences perspective instead of your own. This means knowing your audience. Deliver your message so that it naturally draws your listeners attention. Penetrate Barriers One serious barrier to clear communication is vagueness. If you say, There was a fire downtown last night, you have communicated little. If you say, however, Twenty fire trucks from three different towns fought an inferno last night that destroyed an entire city block, including a fireworks factory, your concrete description has communicated a good deal more. The listener now understands that youre talking about a major disaster, not a fire in a trash can. Your concrete description helps the listener create a mental picture, or visualize the blaze.

Evansville Sewer Replacement Project Essays -- sanitary sewer, indoor

In researching decision making topics, I chose to investigate the decisions that went into implementing the Evansville Sewer Replacement project and the impacts it had to consumers and local government officials. In order to understand and research the decisions made, I also had to explore the details of the project and what made up the initiative, its purpose, and its effect on consumers. Throughout research, it was determined that this project came about because of many factors over a period of time and the timeline of the project was based on and affected by decisions made by the city government. The purpose of the Evansville Sewer Replacement initiative is to eliminate the use of Combined Sewer Outflows (About CSOs) in the City of Evansville within twenty years (Martin). This initiative was directed by the government and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA enforces the Clean Water Act of 1972, which mandates the control of these CSO’s across the United States and demands that the city prepare a long-term plan in line with appropriate water quality standards (Program Facts). Due to the city’s decision throughout history to underinvest in their sewer system, they now are faced with having to address a significant issue of updating an aging system that requires many updates in order to comply with these federal mandates at a substantial cost (Evansville Water and Sewer Utility). CSO’s are combined sanitary sewers that carry both sewage and storm water and the overage exceeds the capacity of the infrastructure (Program Facts). Around 100 years ago, many cities such as Evansville began building storm sewers to carry wastewater away from homes, businesses, and the streets. Then, with the installation of ind... ...ht Banks. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . Evansville Water and Sewer Utility. Funding Our City’s Sewer Improvements. N.p.: Evansville Water and Sewer Utility, n.d. www.evansville.in.gov. Renew Evansville. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. . Martin, John. "City, Feds Working to Finalize Plan to Curb Combined Sewer Overflows." Courier and Press. Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . "Program Facts." Evansville.IN.Gov. Renew Evansville, 01 May 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . 2012 Combined Sewer Overflow Operation Plan (CSOOP) Update. Evansville: Evansville Water and Sewer Utility, 12 Nov. 2012. PDF.

Traco vs Arrow

After a bench trial, the trial court held for Arrow solely under the theory of promissory estoppel and awarded Arrow Judgment against Traco for damages in the amount of $ 75,843. 38, plus attorneys' fees and prejudgment interest. Issue Appellant supplier sought review of a Judgment from the 45th District Court of Bexar County (Texas), awarding appellee subcontractor damages, plus attorneys' fees and prejudgment interest, in an action brought for promissory estoppel and negligence for appellant's failure to supply glass doors at the quoted price.Rule The court affirmed the Judgment of the lower court in favor of appellee subcontractor, finding that promissory estoppel was a viable cause of action in a bid construction case. The court found that the award of damages based on this theory was factually supported by the evidence, and that there was statutory authority for the award of attorneys' fees. The determination of the rate of prejudgment interest also was proper. Analysis Appellan t initially argues that the trial court erred in rendering Judgment for Arrow ecause Traco's bid was revocable and properly withdrawn thirty days after it was made.Appellant primarily relies upon the argument that its sliding doors are goods as defined by the Texas Business and Commerce Code, therefore, S 2. 205 of this code is controlling. Nevertheless, appellant's arguments ignore the appellee's basic contention and legal theory under which this suit was brought. Appellee sought relief under the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel on the premise that appellant's romises, by way of its oral bid, caused appellee to substantially rely to its detriment.Consequently, appellant's assertion that its subsequent letter confirming this bid somehow invokes the application of the Uniform Commercial Code ignores the fact that the appellee relied to its detriment when it reduced its bid based on a telephone conversation with the appellant, prior to the time appellant's confirmation letter was sent or received. Thus, any subsequent written document is irrelevant to Arrow's cause of action; appellant's first point is rejected.Having resolved that the Uniform Commercial Code does not apply under these facts, we must now resolve whether the equitable theory of promissory estoppel applies to bid construction cases and, if so, whether this doctrine applies under the specific tacts ot this case . While no Texas case has previously applied the theory of promissory estoppel in a bid construction case, other Jurisdictions have consistently applied this doctrine under similar facts, recognizing the necessity for equity in view of the lack of other remedies. Conclusion also was proper.

5 Examples of Faulty Parallel Structure

5 Examples of Faulty Parallel Structure 5 Examples of Faulty Parallel Structure 5 Examples of Faulty Parallel Structure By Mark Nichol One type of grammatical errors seen frequently is that of faulty parallel structure, in which corresponding words or phrases do not match to create a logical syntax. Here are five examples of sentences in which parallel structure is flawed, with a discussion of each error. 1. She played at San Francisco venues such as the Avalon, the Fillmore, and Carousel Ballroom. In isolation, the names of each of these venues should be preceded by the: â€Å"the Avalon,† â€Å"the Fillmore,† and â€Å"the Carousel Ballroom.† When listed together in one sentence, the same is true: â€Å"She played at San Francisco venues such as the Avalon, the Fillmore, and the Carousel Ballroom.† 2. I’m not just upset that Mary told Jane, but also that she was so rude. The writer is upset about not only A but also B, so the verb should precede the counterpoint phrases â€Å"not just that† (the three words of which should not be interrupted by another) and â€Å"also that†: â€Å"I’m upset not just that Mary told Jane but also that she was so rude.† Note also that the comma before â€Å"but also† is unnecessary. 3. The site does not look at opinions or predictions, but statements that the general public would be interested in knowing the truth about. Just as in the previous example, the opposing phrases (in this case, â€Å"not at† and â€Å"but at†) should both follow the verb they share (in this case, look, which should not intervene in the first of the two phrases): â€Å"The site looks not at opinions or predictions but at statements that the general public would be interested in knowing the truth about.† 4. The website evaluates only statements that are clear, precise, and are not obviously true. Three adjectives listed in this sentence- clear, precise, and true- can share a verb, or each can be preceded by its own verb, but this sentence does not apply either option; the first and third adjectives have their own verbs but precise doesn’t. The correct alternatives are â€Å"The website evaluates only statements that are clear, precise, and not obviously true† and â€Å"The website evaluates only statements that are clear, are precise, and are not obviously true.† 5. The virus is usually picked up through contact with an infected person, consuming food or drinks contaminated with the virus, or by touching a contaminated surface and then touching your mouth. Similar to the previous example, in this sentence, the three items in this list can share a preposition, or each can have its own (not necessarily the same one used three times). The choices are â€Å"The virus is usually picked up through contact with an infected person, consuming food or drinks contaminated with the virus, or touching a contaminated surface and then touching your mouth† and â€Å"The virus is usually picked up through contact with an infected person, by consuming food or drinks contaminated with the virus, or by touching a contaminated surface and then touching your mouth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksGrammatical Case in English

12 Angry Men Essays (440 words) - Fiction, Film, Law, Free Essays

12 Angry Men Essays (440 words) - Fiction, Film, Law, Free Essays 12 Angry Men Every man put on trial is considered innocent until proven guilty. In 12 Angry Men this theory can almost be considered false to the jurors involved in this murder case. But one man can be credited with sticking to the innocent until proven guilty theory that most likely saved a mans life. This juror must show 11 other jurors that he can prove with enough valid evidence that this boy is be wrongfully accused of killing his father. Reginald Rose shows us how that one mans integrity can prove to make a big difference in a kids life. Juror #8 can be credited with saving someones life. Under intense and hostile scrutiny juror #8 is the only juror to vote not guilty on the stabbing death of a boys father. #8 doesnt believe straight out that this boy is innocent of this crime. #8 believes that it would wrong to send a boy off to be executed without discussing it first. Jurors #3 and #10 are the most hostile of the jurors. They believe deep down that this boy killed his father. They believe that everything they heard in the courtroom holds true and they dont really want to see this kid live any longer. Juror #8 still had reasonable doubt about the murder. He doesnt want to vote guilty until he has enough evidence that this boy did indeed kill his father. Many different points are made about the boy who supposedly stabbed his father, that are cross examined well by juror #8 who still stands alone at not guilty. All of the evidence that the 11 jurors found contains flaws in them. For instance the woman who supposedly witnessed the stabbing wasnt wearing her glasses. Also the stab wound in the boys father was made so that a taller man or boy could have made that type of wound with a switchblade knife. When these key pieces of evidence becomes clearer to the 11 jurors we start to see jurors questioning there own guilty vote. #9 is the second juror to vote guilty, because he too has some reasonable doubt. As more evidence is put on the table the 12 jurors come together and decide that this boy is innocent. In conclusion, juror #8 believes that every person is innocent until proven guilty. He was given many pieces of key evidence that showed this boys guilt but the evidence was examined carefully, and as more evidence was put out more jurors believed this boy was indeed innocent bringing them all together to believe this boys innocence Bibliography don't got one

Leadership Point of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Point of View - Essay Example Though I have never met him personally in life, I have admired the way he runs his business and the impact of the influence that it has had in shaping the future of the corporate world. My purpose in life has been to achieve great in fulfilling my ambitions. Am an ambitious person who have set clear goals that I would like to achieve. Alongside my wish of becoming a leader in the corporate world, I would also like to strike a balance between being a business leader and a parent. I have created a life purpose statement, which I want to follow strictly. The life purpose statement is to care deeply, connect playfully, share generously, and love intensely. This will enable me to joyfully explore, learn and, grow and prosper. I also aim to be creative, brilliant, and honorably serve the highest good of all the people. I continue to follow this overtime, but generally, I feel it does a good job of summarizing what is important to me in life. I have set my core values in life, which I aim at following daily to fulfill my life purpose. One of them is to be caring. I aim to include compassion, kindness and generosity to achieve my caring attitude.my second core value is oneness. For me to achieve this core value, I must include unconditional love, connectedness, and harmony. Devotion is my third core value, which I aim at achieving. For me to achieve it I must include such characteristics as, passion, loyalty, and intensity. Fourthly, I aim to be intimate with myself and other people. I will achieve this though honesty, openness, and sharing with other people. In addition, I aim to explore more on various issues in life. I will achieve this through curiosity, leaning, and being adventures. I believe that leaders should be a source of motivation to other people. Leaders should lead others by setting examples of how they should be led. They should be understanding to their followers and teach them how to follow laid down guidelines. Moreover, leaders should be

Art review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art review - Term Paper Example id and severe reality for the purpose of fixing into perception of a viewer another real dimension that rather encapsulates hopeful emotion within the realm of humble magic. It is as if to get someone into a scene, typical enough to avoid confusion at attempting to figure its meaning yet as one learns in the process how geometries were simplified in distinct strokes and clever mix of colors by Bluemner, it eventually bears a culminating approach to realize how overwhelming it could get once the essence of each detail is assessed. The artists works in general provide a feel of the museum which enables a basic critic to yield at an aspect where simplicity drives out sophistication though it is in itself sophisticated. In unique terms, the overall idea of Oscar Bluemner possesses a side of complexity that is potentially generous with effortless understanding of a nearly surreal possibility. The Form and Light, Motif in West New Jersey (Beattiestown) is especially captivating to the extent I could automatically relate to the 18th century genre which draws me to engage to what was taking place at the time Bluemner necessitated a moment of thought as from a personal experience, imagination or mode of preference in expressing both his style and passion. As an oil on canvas original released in 1914, the painting depicts a view of life into life, of wonders to unfold out of the mundane attitude toward an ordinary setting or picture in which reality puts in a huge amount of routine. Being the work I chose with great significance compared to the rest of his collection, I believe that it teaches me to moderate on perspective between elegance and its far extreme rustic opposite just like a plausible analogy to the proper way of treating bad from good, in recognition of equivalent worth for both. I am well astonished by Bluemners means of smoothing borders of shapes that altogether produce a dreamy yet adventuresome interpretation of the theme. To a scrutinizing audience,