Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

look Paper - Essay Examplewould ensure that all employees involved with corrupt deals are fired and utilise other people who are qualified and have no history of corrupt behaviours.Corruption was non justified in Siemens Global despite the fact that bribery was legal in Germany up untill 1999. In case bribery was tolertaed within the company it could have meant that the company was not good at what they were doing and hence had to bribe the governments of other countries to do business with them.It is challenging for the Company to make a interchange to refine their respectable practices when there are radical changes in the policy since they were used to corrupt slipway to get contracts with other countries. However, the change in management and employees, starting a fresh with honest intentions leave alone make the company have clear records and succeed since they go forth be on the right placement of the law.Siemens Global has ensured a good reputation in various places a round the world and it has start one of the leading companies in electrical engineering and electronics. This is because of the Business Conduct Guidelines that have provided the legal and ethical framework in which they maintain their activities successfully. The employees of Siemens Global are expected to comply with the law in all their activities,respect the rights of individuals and follow anti-corruption policies with their third parties among others.As a CEO of my company, I would ensure that the company has a code of ethics and core values that guide the employees towards achieving the goals and objectives of the Company. My Companys code of ethics will include provisions that wll require individuals to comply with governement rules,laws and regulations, Secondly, proper use and protecting of company assets, and thirdly, accepting responsibility and reporting all manner of corruption. The corporate culture values in my company will be informed by accountability, integrity, honesty, decency and respect. I will infuse these

ATP biochemistry in the CNS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ATP biochemistry in the CNS - Essay ExampleIt can be said to be a high energy molecule which is responsible for the storage of the energy required to carry protrude daily activities. Hence all the physiological machine in our body acquire energy for mental process directly from Adenosine triphosphate. Cells maintain a supply of Adenosine phosphate through the oxidisation of food, as this ventings energy. A rummy ability of Adenosine triphosphate is that it may be involved in many reactions simultaneously, extracting and releasing energy at the very(prenominal) time. Adenosine Tri Phosphate in order to send messages and control chemical reaction is used as an on-off transfer (Guyton& Hall 2000).. Adenosine Tri phosphate induces the purinergic receptors in the brain (Matsuoka & Ohkubo, 2004). It may stimulate them directly or as a co-transmitter. This action is carried about via the P2 purinergic receptors. Adenosine Triphosphate is composed of an adenosine molecule attached to 3 phosphate groups. Adenosine itself is a purine nucleoside and has a power in not only various biochemical processes in the body but also serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (Fredholm, Chen, Masino & Vaugeois, 2005). The brass of Adenosine triphosphate requires the addition of 3 phosphate groups to the Adenosine backbone. Adenosine is first converted into Adenosine monophosphate, then to Adenosine di phosphate and last to Adenosine Triphosphate. ... Adenosine Tri phosphate is vital for all living cells, processes within the cell cannot use the energy stored in the bonds of a glucose molecule, and they have to rely on Adenosine triphosphate. Thus it is present in all living cells, and is particularly passing concentrated in the presynaptic terminals. This is because presynaptic terminals require a lot of energy for the maintenance of the resting membrane potential and the release of neurotransmitters (Burnstock 2013). Along with this, it is also the neurotransmitter in mult iple areas of the brain. The neurotransmitter action is believed to be mediated by Adenosine Tri Phosphate as well as adenosine. And attempts to differentiate between the role of Adenosine Tri Phosphate and adenosine on post-synaptic terminals has been futile so far. Although their mechanism of action is different, they seem to have similar role in the postsynaptic cell. Adenosine Tri Phosphate acts via the P2X and P2Y receptors on the postsynaptic cell, and uses Ca++ as the second messenger. Meanwhile this Adenosine Tri Phosphate is also gradually broken down by hydrolysis to Adenosine Monophosphate and then to Adenosine by enzymes present on the surface of the plasma membrane (Dasgupta, Ferre?, Kull, Hedlund, Finnman, Ahlberg, Arenas, Fredholm, & Fuxe 1996). Ecto-alkaline phosphatase is thought to be the major enzyme in the formation of adenosine in the synaptic cleft. Adenosine then activates the A1 and A2 receptors and further augments the role of Adenosine Tri Phosphate. A1 an d A2 receptors use cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate as the second messenger inside the cells and their activation leads to an increase in

Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultures - Essay interpreterIn small settlements in particular, where traditions, customs and beliefs ar more influential, death is a concept that reinforces friendly solidarity. Death, which is seen as a psyches physical disappearance although he continues to live on in spirit, is generally a terrifying phenomenon.With the subconscious pressure created by this fear, a number of events or manifestations are interpreted as omens of impending death, including unexpected forms of behaviour, objects being used in a particular way, meteorological events (a shooting star, thunder, northeast wind, etc.), the behaviour of animals and noises made by them (the howling of dogs, the hooting of owls, a turncock crowing at the wrong time, etc.), dreams (of coffins, nuptials dresses, wedding-festivities, camels, houses being demolished, falling teeth, onions, pepper etc.), as well as physiological and psychological changes (someones growing pale, an improver or decrease in appetite, staring fixedly at one point, etc.) in the sick person. flock tend to avoid events that are thought to trigger the process of death. Among the ways this is done is to slaughter the rooster that crows at an inappropriate time, giving some food that has prepared at home or bought outdoors to the poor if one sees a bad dream, describing that dream to piddle, waking up pregnant women or children if they are asleep when a dead person is taken away, emptying water cups in the home where thither is a funeral, sweeping the home after the dead person has been taken away, turning cauldron in which the water used for washing the dead has been boiled upside down.In beliefs of people, among symptoms that predict death, which related with animals have been fetching a great and importantplace. Some talents of animals, which are absent in human beings, their power of intuition, physical characteristics, their favor of being fortunate or ill-omened have been playing great role in human race of such b eliefs and their reaching a universal line. Basically there lays also the fear of death on the foundation ofa certain amount of beliefs which are accumulated around home, household, tool, apparatuses and food and they have been qualified by people usually as symptoms of death. Most of these beliefs are completely different to what we in Western Cultures believe. psyche who was fairly new to the Turkish Muslim religion may consider their beliefs as rather strange, unless quite fascinating. 3 The first practices regarding sending the deceased off include washing the body and enshrouding it deep down fixed rules. If the deceased was a woman, she is washed by other women and by men if the dead person was male. Washers are experienced and well-versed in the rules. In villages, the body is washed inside the house or on a bench reserved for this purpose in the garden, and few people are allowed to be present. When the deceased is washed, the relatives pour a bowl of water over the body, give their consent and ask the deceased for any(prenominal) they have shared in the past. In big cities, the deceased is washed in a elbow room reserved for this purpose in the cemetery. The piece of cloth used as a shroud is continuously white. The shroud for women has more parts to it than that used for men. As a female corpse is wrapped in the shroud, henna (this may also be applied to her

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL Essay

Methedology in high education in UL - Essay Exampleciples of accounting for grad students, human resource focussing, economics, handicraft risk management and marketing (University of Limerick, Centre for Teaching and Learning, 2014). A student applying for any of these courses undergoes regular application process which involves online modification and submission of required details as prescribed by the university regulatory board.The acquisition process one time admitted into the university comes in two folds. A postgraduate may apply for online learning described as ODel (Open, Distance and Electronic Learning). In this platform, a student obtains all the course requirements and lectures online but merge at the terminus of the semester to fulfill the course requirement by taking final exams (Ebel, Mohr & Commission of the European Communities 2009, p. 77). On the other end, one may decide to leverage on the side of full time learning process, attending to lecture physically , submitting assignments one on one and not electronically or online. However, at the end of the learning period, the students merge for a common exams and evaluation based of syllabus coverage.Other than the theories taught in class, postgraduate students result undertake a two weeks training even study trip or business simulation program every semester. This is meant to enhance the students knowledge on writing dissertations which will eventually see them graduate from UL. The university operates of full time calendar with short interval holidays between the cost calendars. Each semester runs for a period of three months with one month holiday until the completion of the degree

Slavery Legacy anf Its Influence on Economic Development of U.S. South Assignment

slaveholding Legacy anf Its Influence on Economic Development of U.S. sulfurwesterly - Assignment ExampleWith the elimination of thralldom during the civil war, African- Americans slaves during the earlier periods had fundamentally no introduction to strait-laced education. Evidently, the elevated extent of proceeds disparity, results from the influence of slavery on the existing finances. It is crucial to denote the impacts of slavery on the delivery of the U.S. to the south. This is because the south experiences constant poverty. It has an elevated poverty rate than the American normal. It is important to bring up that slavery contributed to the economic development of US however, it posed numerous challenges in the realms of industrialization, education, and income equality. Slavery affected the early and present development of the south in subtle ways a well. With most of their wealth trussed up in slaves, slave owners naturally strove to maximize the value of this asse t. Given the mobility of forced labor, owners could afford to be footloose, regularly moving their slaves from place to place to access the higher productive land. In contrast to their land-owning predict parts in the north, slave withstanders had little incentives to spend in regional infrastructure, schools, or roads to encourage the egress of towns. All activities were associated with augmenting land cost but had no obvious impact on slave values. Thus, the south stayed more rural and institutionally underdeveloped compared to the north. For similar explanations, southerners did not expand their financial activities like investment in manufacturing. In 1840s, the souths per capita investment in manufacturing was less than one-third of the norths, a trend attributable to the souths lack of urbanization, lack of infrastructure, unequal distribution of incomes, smaller rest home markets, and poor access to resources (Scott 313). In areas that relied heavily on slave labor, the e conomy focused narrowly on Agricultural activities and, Industrialization delayed. Industrialization was the souths second importance (Scott 313). There was a hold back in manufacturing and commerce in the old South for three reasons. First, the slaves ware not loose of mastering the precise, delicate operations that manufacturing supposedly involved. Second, masters did not have the idea to gather fair to middling resources or the need to invest in industrialization (Smith 73). Thirdly, the absence of big town in the South was a necessary consequence of the insurrectionary risks such as concentrations of slaves would pose to southern society (Smith 73). Slavery was root to inequality. This has to date affected the education in the South. There is still bottomless and broad belles-lettres on the educational divide in the south. The proper learning was in accessible in the historic to the slaves. Their first offspring were only able to complete fewer years of education on standard than the whites were. Furthermore, they had access to racial isolated communal schools, where they received a quality lower learning compared to that acquired by southern whites. Low learning and excellence led to the continuation of huge earnings difference. This has affected the economy of the south even today. The existing differences at the south are linked with disparity in earnings. agent slave countries are currently more imbalanced. They show a higher scarcity pace and a higher amount of racial discrimination. Moreover, racial inequality, which

Thermal Energy Storage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Thermal Energy Storage - Essay ExampleAppreciation for the advantages and benefits of the thermic efficiency systems has encouraged many people to use the technology to cut power costs and lessen the banish impact of non-renewable sources of energy on the environment. The low-cost and readily available materials that can serve as thermal energy storage media also inspired people more to develop and install it. Nevertheless, much has even to be done in educating people, especially heavy consumers of electrical power, about the science and technology fanny thermal energy storage. With this and their knowledge about its advantages, the optimization of the use of thermal energy through its trenchant storage will further persuade them to shift to renewable energy as the alternative to the lessen and environmentally harmful energy sources, such(prenominal) as petroleum.Thermal energy, thermal energy storage, renewable sources of energy, solar energy, fossil give the sacks, law of t hermodynamics, heaters, solar heating, kinetic energy, internal energy, thermal storage, thermal mass, storage mediaFor a gigantic number of years, mankind has been largely dependent on fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources of energy to power basal utilities. Since the 1800s, the industries and the economies, in general, of many countries have a bun in the oven been run by relying on petroleum. Consequently, the demand for this particular fossil fuel had increased tremendously in the following decades. Even by the latter years of the 20th century, however, problems have arisen due to the heavy reliance on petroleum. Although there were other means of producing energy introduced, these were very stripped compared to those powered by oil. Today, several countries have used nuclear power, coal-powered energy generation, and other non-renewable sources of energy such gas power as alternatives to petroleum. There are also countries that have developed renewable sources such as hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind energies. However, these

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

felonious Law - Essay ExampleThe go describes the nature of much(prenominal)(prenominal) offences and suggests penalties against such acts and omissions. In the aforesaid(prenominal) way, the Act condemns any sexual activity practiced or performed without free bear of both the parties to the contract and views such sexual act an offence, which is based on fraudulence, undue influence, coercion, refutal or any rude(a)(prenominal) cogitate act that reveals the non-compliance of the aggrieved party and hits his/her freedom of choice.Malignantly doing any act known to be likely to mobilise infection of any illness dangerous to life is a serious offence and the offender of such act is liable to be punished under the section 269 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In the same way, Law forbids a person undergoing contagious and venereal disease(s) from entering into sexual relationship with any other person without bringing to the knowledge of the other all information regarding h is/her infectious disease, as well as taking protective measures necessary to save the partner form bodily harm of transmitting the disease he suffers. In addition, the statute of law not only condemns involving into sexual intercourse without the free allow of the parties, but also it does not allow any such act in which the element of misrepresentation involves. Misrepresentation stands for the statement made by a party to a contract, that a thing relating to it is in fact in a particular way, when he knows it is not so.Sexual Offence 2003 is the outcome of the changes that took part with the induction of new laws as well as discovery of new diseases afflicting the individuals of society. Free sex with the consent of the parties as well as homosexual activities are also among the significant factors along with the discovery of gentlemans gentleman immunodeficiency virus known as HIV more than a decade ago, to bring in new laws and amend old

The field of psychology addresses the constant question of whether Research Paper

The field of psychology addresses the constant research of whether benevolents be born hard-wired with specific characteristics and - Research Paper ExampleHowever, when it comes to understanding the causes behind disgusting carriage problems like addiction, anger, aggression, criminal bent of mind, sadism, depression, anti-social behavior etc., then understanding the map of nature and gentility in the ripening of these patterns becomes an important. Hence, large number in the field of psychology and psychiatry continuously make efforts to bob up out what it is that makes human beingnesss behave in certain panache, nature or nurture. That is, they try to agnize if people are genetically programmed to behave in a certain way or if their behavior is influence by the environs. However, studies in psychology have given a hope to human beings by show that even though human beings are programmed through their genes to behave in certain way, the environment has the world pow er to break the genetic programming and modify the behavior pattern of human beings in positive way by strengthening the good genes and weakening the bad genes. The Role Of Genes Variations In Genes Genes play an important role in the development of behavior and personality pattern of human beings. Different genes are responsible for development of different habits and behavior pattern in people. Every human being has same 20,000 genes present in the body but what makes them different is its variants or flavors (Frehley, 2010, para.1). ... However, it is important to note that scientists are not 100% convinced(predicate) of this information as it is not a statement but a speculation (Frehley, 2010, para.2). Also, it is interesting to know that every human being possesses all the genes but what makes them differ in behavior is the less than 1% variance in the genes (Frehley, 2010, para.5). According to Ebstein et al. (1996), the transmutations in specific geneses result in differen t social behavior patterns in different individuals (Nicolaou & Shane, n.d., p.2). It makes one wonder if such a small amount of genetic variation is major enough to control the will power in human being. That is, can human being acquire skills or behavior pattern that he is not genetically programmed to acquire? Evolutionary psychology, alike known as modern Darwinism, is the field that helps in answering this nature or nurture motility (Nicholson, 1998, p.135). Desire For Security It is a natural understanding that if the circumstances and the conditions of living change, then the behavior of human beings should also change. However, according to the evolutionary psychology, human beings living in todays modern world, tranquil display the same survival traits that their ancestors living in the Stone historic period had displayed to survive the threats in the environment (Nicholson, 1998, p.135). This shows that even if the environment and the surrounding situations change, hum an beings still carry the innate fear from surrounding and are hard wired to behave in certain way when they sense threat. For example, people from Stone Age were genetically programmed to gather and store enough food and have

Accounting System of a Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting System of a Firm - Essay ExampleCertain step must then be followed in supply a clays development endure plan. Typically, this procedure starts with the identification of the problems as well as the objective for conducting the project. on with the identification of the capability of the organization to support the project, designing the system to be applied is then created. In order to ensure the efficacy of the designed system, this pass on undergo a series of tests and evaluation procedures. afterwards which, the system is then installed. The edge however does not stop here as the system leave behind have to be monitored continuously. Furthermore, the employees who impart be using the new system must be practised properlyThe process involved in a systems development project plan is indeed an essential brute that enables project developers and managers to ensure the efficacy of the system employed. The systematize process provides signifi lavatoryt controls tha t helps in people and assign management. Following a specific project plan also allows the project staff to identify latent problems that could arise. Thus, this organized procedure helps the staff to prepare alternatives and solutions that could address these possible problems. In order to comprehend the process of implementing a systems development project plan, a case of a small accounting firm will be taken as an example. With the expert help of an IT consulting firm and a sixty thousand clam budget, the firm intends to have a system that will integrate its main operations including administrative functions and track production. In this case example, the objectives of the project, the role of the project manager and the problems that could occur during the different phases of the project plan will be identified.The small accounting firm aims to implement a systems development project. With this main goal, the firm intends to discover the following objectivesTo design and ap ply an integrated system that will allow it to perform administrative functions and modernise essential accounting reportsTo develop a specific step-by-step procedure for the projects applicationTo implement an in effect(p) system development project within a limited budgetTo have the system installed in eight weeks timeThough these established objectives will help in directing the project team, accepted diffidences could hinder their achievement. Time and budget for instance are signifi sesst trammelts for this project. Within eight weeks, the integrated system must be installed in the firm. Unlike bigger corporations, smaller firms have fewer resources to support big term project plans. Thus, the project team must work rapidly so as to carry through the deadline and avoid financial shortage. These meanss in turn add more pressure to the project staff.Putting the project team into much pressure can cause the members to prioritize time over quality, which can significantly affect the efficiency of the project. When the main objective of the project team is to finish the project on time, the long term success of the project may be negatively affected. Quality is also an important factor for a successful project. However, working under time pressure while maintaining work quality can be difficult and can burnout and stress among the participants (Gobeli, Gray & Larson, 1991). Time is indeed a major constraint in project management, especially when the firm expects to see the project results within an unrealistic time get across (Baumgartner, 1979). Unrealistic work schedules can not only cause stress among the staff but can also affect their motivation to finish the project. Handling people is also a major constrain

Reconstruction and protection at NJ shore Assignment

reconstruction and justification at NJ shore - Assignment ExampleDunes and wetlands that formed part of natural defense against tides, floods, and storms that much affect or destroy islands notably, these protective barriers n were removed during the construction on these islands (Goudas 52). Water that receded from sandy led to destruction on these islands with some areas or regions on the islands recording an overwhelming destruction that urgency reconstruction towards rebuilding the New Jersey islands.To help with reconstruction and the protection of the shore of the New Jersey, the hold must be designed to reduce property damage and erosions that are associated with the regular coastal hurricane, storms, and northeasters. Reconstruction and protection project include the construction of tall dunes of approximately 22 feet high with about one hundred twenty-five foot long beams that are elevated about 8 feet above the water levels (Goudas 47). The structures of these standa rds or measurements get out be perfect in protecting the island from storm and wave damages. Additionally, sand of approximately 11,000,000 cubic yards should be placed at the beginning of construction. These yards of sands should be followed by a periodic nourishment rhythm that will contribute to approximately 2,000,000 cubic yard additional sand for every seven old age (Goudas 73). Moreover, the seawalls shall be constructed to block that storm from the sea from causing damage of the islands structures and infrastructure as swell up as human beings. These reconstruction and protection measure of the New Jersey shores shall ensure that the shores are defend from the violent and destructive water waves from the Atlantic Ocean that often affects it.Goudas, Constantine. Soft Shore apology An environmental Innovation on Coastal Engineering first International Conference on Soft Shore Protection Held in October 2000 in Patras, Greece. Dordrecht u.a. Kluwer Acad. Publ, 2003.

Citizenship Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Citizenship - Article suitPhilosophers and political theorists including Kant, Hobbes, Marx, Machiavelli and Locke etc have presented contrasting views and articulated various theories to define the manners, rights and obligations of citizenship. Their works indicate directly and indirectly the factors supportive in applying peaceful atmosphere within a social set up. They have withal indicated the basic causes and circumstances leading the nations towards the path of conflict and destruction.The term citizenship simply refers to the membership of a country, a state, a tribe, a community or an authority, which creates rights and duties between citizens and the state. The individuals are bound to abide by the norms, values, mores, taboos and laws dictated by the authorities to keep peace and solidarity in its fold. Citizenship not only implements wide range of obligations on citizens, but also offers them m any(prenominal) opportunities to grow, make progress, involve into social , political, cultural, religious, economic and other peaceful activities on the wholeness hand, and assures the individuals peaceful environment, security of life, honour and belongings, legal remedies, justice and equality within its platform on the other. spirit into the history of the world from the most primitive societies of Palaeolithic and Neolithic eras to the most modern ones of contemporary technical age, it becomes evident that social inequality and injustices al bearings existed in all human societies give birth to stratification and conflict. Philosophers and thinkers have defined the causes and consequences of conflict between different groups and remedies for it in order to escape anarchical smear in the society. Sociological researches too reveal the very fact that even during the ancient times different classes existed in every culture and civilization.Kant emphatically submits that the state of peace among the people living side by side and remaining in constan t interaction with one another cannot be remained peaceful, as it is in the nature of man to contain differences with other fellow-beings. It is therefore it is war rather than peace which could be stated as the natural one. The same is the case with nations and states which are at warring positions in the one way or the other. Many wars took place between the Greeks and the Persians time and again sabotaging the peace and harmony of the countries. Absence of any regularity authority to check the advances of the conflicting states kept them in constant war position. The Athenians declared these wars as the golden chapter of their history, though it cost hundreds of lives as well as pushed the economy to a sorry state. In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century B.C. In 499 BC the Greeks ros e in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid. (Quoted in http//www.crystalinks.com/greeksocial.html) The Persians invaded

Differences in Assessing and Managing Credit Risk in Investment Essay

Differences in Assessing and Managing Credit Risk in Investment Banking and mercantile Banking - Essay ExampleCredit run a risk represents the possibility of loss due to the in office of the obligor to fulfill the monetary value in the financial obligation (bond, note, lease, installment debt etc.). The quote risk is known by slightly disparate terms in investment funds and mercantile backings. Counterparty ascribe risk is important for investment banking mainly in trading operations and loan cite risk is crucial in commercial banking. Though both(prenominal) may be caused by the same reason, default, they are managed differently. Credit risk becomes a very dear issue if accompanied by poor banking operations. Proper systems and controls should be in place for effectively assessing and managing credit risks in both type of banking operations. Credit risk arises when a borrower of a loan fails to repay it (in commercial banking) or when an issuer of a security or a bond fail s to fulfill his financial obligation (a corporeal who issued a bond may go bankrupt) to the borrower . For assessment of credit risks in the financial results the investment banking firms (which is much complex compared to assessment in commercial banking) rely on the credit rating assigned to the issuer by the major credit rating companies. To arrive at the credit rating, the agencies carry out a question and an assessment of the account statements (income and expenditure, balance sheet), quality of the management, previous handicraft and financial track records, the potential line of reasoning and financial risks and the ability of the management to mitigate them effectively.... Proper systems and controls should be in place for effectively assessing and managing credit risks in both type of banking operations. Assessing Credit risk in Investment Banking and Commercial BankingCredit risk arises when a borrower of a loan fails to repay it (in commercial banking) or when an i ssuer of a security or a bond fails to fulfill his financial obligation (a corporate who issued a bond may go bankrupt) to the borrower (in investment banking). For assessment of credit risks in the financial products the investment banking firms (which is more(prenominal) complex compared to assessment in commercial banking) rely on the credit rating (considered as the representation of the financial strength of the issuer or the product that is issued to meet its financial obligations) assigned to the issuer by the major credit rating companies. To arrive at the credit rating, the agencies carry out a research and an assessment of the account statements (income and expenditure, balance sheet), quality of the management, previous business and financial track records, the potential business and financial risks and the ability of the management to mitigate them effectively. Based on the data collected and analysis of the same, the agencies issue a credit rating, which is a qualitati ve judgment of the ability of the issuer to meet his financial obligations. Standard & Poor, Moodys (US) and Fitch-IBCA (UK) are some of the leading and reputed credit rating agencies whose ratings carry more value in the financial market. The companies/products who exhibit least risk are given investment grades and with increase possibilities of risk, the rating is graded down to the ones with definite possibility for default are

Working in a Virtual World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Working in a Virtual World - Essay ExampleThis brings in the best of the talent present in the multiple locations in which the virtual(prenominal) world survives. Moreover, the virtual world brings forth the use of more technologies, which makes it in time more interesting, as communication and collaboration becomes easier and working on any project becomes a dream-come-true nevertheless if each member of the project is kilometers away from each other. The barriers that would have been present in any virtual brasss - that of time and distance - have been conveniently removed by the technologies that are used, essentially that of telecommunications and computing. Furthermore, the virtual organization is flexible, because it is the management of an organization over a virtual set up. This also makes the virtual organization ever-changing and ever-changing it is restless in nature and dares to experiment with new ideas and creative techniques of operation. And lastly, the most imp ortant pass judgment which gives virtual organizations a unique touch is the integration that results and which enhances and brings out the best in all individuals to take aim out complete synergy and work in favor of the organization.There is always a hold back as to the effective performance of the communications network that has been set up. As depart be mentioned in the next few pages, handling and managing communication with contrasted workers will be one of the mountainousgest challenges for the organization. For example, there will be a potential limit as to how much of transmission can the bandwidth set up do. Therefore, the moment that limit is crossed, the speed of communication gets slowed down and thus collaboration gets difficult. (Gareth, 1998)A very big disadvantage for virtual organizations lies in the fact that there may be hardware and software compatibility issues with the remote workers. The hardware that the remote worker uses will most probably be persona l and would not be a specialized computer, rather just a simple one to keep at a house. The software that the management expects the remote worker to use would be specialized and would not be that efficient on an old, slow or mediocre computer. Thus, this mismatch is likely to result in low productiveness and frustration of the employee to get things done the way management wants him to do.Computer security is an issue for the virtual organizations because they exist on around a million personal computers of all their remote workers. Leakage of information is super likely.Technology that is being used in managing a virtual organization is most likely to arise over time. Updating it in the many computers of the many remote workers would be difficult. The Advantages - Employee and Employer The virtual organization has many advantages for the employee Often organizations experience an increase in production, but there is no as such speedup in productivity, as should be the case. Ther efore, implementing a virtual organization helps increase productivity and the number of produce per worker, thus improving quality and not just the quantity of work that is being produced. Moreover, the employee is always at a pressure from all the

Cuban heritage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cuban inheritance - Research Paper Examplelarge amounts of money in order to enhance their relationships with the Latino nation through customized publications in their aborigine Spanish language. This initiative has proven to be successful (Double base Media oppose Research & Intelligence, 2007). In a similar approach, I would, to the best of my ability address Mrs. Hernandez in her native language, which would subconsciously make her feel more accommodating and well taken care of.Having gained her trust, the next look would be to get her on a diet with regular exercise. First, the main cause of increased incubus is unsaturated plunk in the meals we eat. Therefore, I would advice Mrs. Hernandez to adopt unsaturated fats and do away with saturated and trans fat in her cooking. Unsaturated fat is inclusive of omega-3 fatty acids. Adopting unsaturated fats will serve to inhibit the number of calories Mrs. Hernandez takes in and also reduce her serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. In terms of exercise, it is clear that Mrs. Hernandez stay at home most of the time, and it is likely that the number of hours spent of television and lazing around has contributed to her condition. I would, therefore, preach a one hour walks every day to be sufficient exercise considering her age.Cuban folks medicine is mainly herbal. I would, however, advise Mrs. Hernandez not to opt for that alternative and instead take the vocal hypoglycemic agent prescribed by the doctor. To convince her towards this end, I would ensure that she understands that I respect and admire her culture and that I am in no way trying to undermine it. Cubans generally consume to the values of marianismo and machismo, which makes them more reluctant to consult doctors on health issues. They, however, also look to the community for opinions, and at this juncture I would use her daughter, Mariana, who has already assimilated to convince her of my noble intent in offering her the medicine. tralatitious doctors in Cuba have used plants and

Teaching Micro-skills of Listening Research Paper

Teaching Micro-skills of Listening - Research Paper workoutWhile Attention Theories support the purpose of consciousness-raising activities to increase learners awareness of grammatical structures conversation theories associated with Communicative wrangle Teaching stress the importance of turn language listening since it is not possible to participate in a conversation and take advantage of conversational feedback without understanding what your partner is saying (Horwitz, 2008, p. 67). It is thus unvarnished that sufficient exposure to the target language is an essential prerequisite for developing any micro-skills of listening. In an EFL schoolroom listening plays a dominant role and as such the ESL teachers have a pivotal function in choosing the most appropriate activities and listening comprehension passages that cater best to the language needs of the learners. The second language teacher needs to take into account the background knowledge of the learner on a particula r topic and familiarize the content of the listening comprehension through effective previewing. Similarly, the use of turn over organizers to help integrate new information into the students pre-existing knowledge also is prodigious (Horwitz, 2008, p. 68).Once the listening comprehension text (oral or written) is offered to the learners with ample meaning support the learners need to disavow the ideas they are able to remember and for this, the teacher can make use of recall questions to elicit responses from the students. These listening comprehension questions should be both engaging and appropriate. Similarly, inference questions can also be made use of in order to assess whether the students have understood the oral or written text correctly. intonation (rising and falling of the tone of voice) is another aspect that is related to effective listening skills.

Genocide and Sri Lankan Tamils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Genocide and Sri Lankan Tamils - Essay ExampleThe Official Languages Commission set up by the Sri Lankan government in 2005 provides figures for the ethnic divide in Sri Lanka. The Tamil speaking minority in the country agnize up twenty-six percent of the population, which consists of thirteen percent Sri Lankan Tamils, six percent Tamils of recent Indian origin, and sevener percent of Muslims. Though the Tamil speaking minority constitute more than a fourth of the population, their front in government service is a mere 8.31 percent. Such a situation has arisen from Sri Lankan actions since the gaining of independence by using language as a weapon. Thus language has remained a key element in the ethnic strife in Sri Lanka (Reddy, 2007).While the roots of the ethnic divide in Sri Lanka may be ascribed to the colonial past, when the British imported a large number of Tamils into the country from neighbouring India, actions of the Sri Lankan government since independence atomic num ber 18 the more definitive character for the violence in the country. Since independence successive governments have taken measures to keep in line that the Tamils were denied equal opportunities to professions and the public sector. Such actions interacted in a complex manner with the already existent Sinhalese Buddhist exclusivism that slowly led to the persisting animated ideology in the Sri Lankan State. Two legislative actions were to cause the cleavage and subsequent decades of violence and the rise of the LTTE as a terrorist organization to take the lead against the Sri Lankan government. The 1956 Sinhala Only act, which removed English as the official language and replaced it with Sinhala, was to make the Tamils disadvantaged, leading to protests from the Tamils. The subsequent decree in the early 1970s, which created communal quotas for entrance to universities thereby denying meritorious Tamils admission, was to inflame the Tamils and lead to violence and the knell fr o a

Ensure Justice and Equity Essay Example for Free

Ensure Justice and Equity turn upOn the one hand, fixed punishment bequeath energise a deterring effect on society. Individuals acute that they will be subject to a certain punishment if they are convicted with a given offensive will reconsider committing this act in the first place. This deterring effect also leads to social stability and security, through minimizing the number of crimes commit. If people knew they would be able to convince the court or the jury of reason for having committed the crime they are accused of, penal decisions would be largely arbitrary. This would result into criminals getting away with their crimes and into a high level of injustice caused by the subjective approach of different courtsIn my opinion an intermediary position between both solutions is the perfect way to establish and ensure justice and equity. There have to be fixed punishment for all crimes. However, criminal laws have to provide for a minimum and supreme for the punishment and the laws also have to foresee certain cases of exemptions. An example for setting minimum and maximum penalties is argument Law where a person being held liable of a crime under this law will be convicted to pay a fine, according to the harm caused by the violation and the profit gained by the ravisher through committing the crime. As for the exemptions, in some countries the law exempts thieves stealing food during a period of shortage taking into consideration the distress and hunger. Also, a person killing in self-defense will be exempted from punishment.

Natural Gas Essay Example for Free

Natural Gas probeQatar is known to comport the third largest reserve in the world for innate(p) throttle valve. It is a colorless, shapeless, odorless gas in its natural throw. Main property of this gas that made it so prized is its combustibility. When burned, natural gas emits a great deal of energy (NaturalGas. org, 2004). But not like fossil fuels, natural gas is a clean burning gas with lower level of potentially harmful byproducts is emitted into the air as ending to the combustion process. Natural gas is usually composed of a mixture of combustible hydrocarbon gases.While natural gas is formed primarily of methane, it tolerate also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. The composition of natural gas cigarette vary widely but in its purest form it is mainly composed of methane. Usually found low the earth, this gas is usually associated with oil deposits. Natural gas is an an new(prenominal)(prenominal) form of fossil fuel, like blacken and oil, and is es sentially the remains of plants and animals. Use of natural gas as an energy source comprises 24% of the sum energy consumption in the US for the year 2000.Natural gas, with its varied usage and has many diverse applications for industrial, commercial and residential sectors, is vital component of the nations energy supply. PHOTOVOLTAICS Photovoltaic literally means light electrical energy, which was derived from the Hellenic words photo and volt. Photovoltaic materials and devices basically generate electricity by converting light or solar energy into electricity that can be utilized by devices requiring galvanic power. It was discovered by a French physicist Edmond Becquerel on1839 while conducting an experiment involving electrolytic electric cell connected by 2 metals as electrodes.Since then(prenominal) harnessing of solar electricity has been developed and utilise (solar_Energy_and_Technology_Program, 2005). Since the discovery of photoconductivity, solar energy has bee n harnessed to generate electricity. On 1873, Wilby Smith identified Selenium to demonstrate photoconductivity. Photovoltaic property was also observed Adams and Day to be exhibited by Selenium while in its solid form. The first solar cell was weed by Charles Fritts on 1883, which was made from Selenium wafers (Corrosion_Doctors, 2007).PV was originally developed to provide power to devices on places that would require a renewable source of energy like in outer space. With the development of PV devices or solar devices, PV cells have been used in providing power to spacecrafts and devices. The first reported usage of PV cells was during 1959 for the Vanguard 1 satellite using silicon wafers in the solar device. This satellite lasted for 8 years in operation (Corrosion_Doctors, 2007). Since Vanguard 1 other spacecrafts and satellite were reported to utilize also PV technology in providing power to manned and unmanned crafts and satellites.PV multiplication is gaining increased im portance as renewable source due to its advantages like absence of fuel cost, no noise or wear due to absence of moving parts and little forethought. The world mart for photovoltaic exceeded 200 MW in 1999 could rise to 650 MW in 2005 and 1800 MW in 2010 provided that installed costs for grid-connected PV drop to less than US $4/ Wp in 2005 and $3 in 2010. The world grid-connected market grew to 110 MW in 2000, 400 MW in 2005 and will grow to 700 MW in 2010 provided the installed costs will decrease to $3/W by 2010.The following(a) tables and graphs show a general idea of how the PV world market is growing and how the prices of PV modules/Wp is dropping since the year 1990 up until now and in the upcoming future. PV Cells PV cells or solar cells, composed of semiconductors that atomic number 18 made from crystalline solids, which permits electrical conduction when connected to two metals, are devices that converts solar or radiant energy into electrical energy. This lightly wa fer of semiconductor is chemically treated to work controvert charge on one side and affirmatory charge on the other side.A p-n junction separates and connects the two oppositely charged sides. The process of converting sunlight into electricity is explained in three processes 1. Sunlight is absorbed by the thin semiconductor wafer. 2. Positive and prejudicious charges are generated and are separated in the different parts of the cell. The movement of these particles generates voltage within the cell. 3. And, the electrical current generated by the separation of the charges is transferred to the mean device via the electrical terminals connected to the cell.When sunlight is absorbed by the solar cell, electron hole pairs are generated, and if their recombination is prevented they can reach the junction where they are separated. The electrons are move into the front side or negative side of the cell. Commercial solar cells usually designate the negative side in the front part. The back or other side of the cells is designated as the cocksure side. When these two are connected electrical current flows between through wires connected to the electrical device. The current that flows is usually proportional on the intensity of the sunlight that the solar cell captures (Elwell Komp, 2007).The back contact or positive side is usually made of continuous layer of metal but the front contact, on the other hand is usually made into thin fingers. The front contacts are evenly spaced to allow the as much sunlight to reach the positive side of the cell. The cell is covered with an anti reflection application program to maximize the absorption of sunlight. A thin protective coating covers the cell to allow cleaning and maintenance (Elwell Komp, 2007). An example of a single solar cell structure is shown in figure 1. PV cells are construct in many shapes and sizings. Some are even smaller than a postage stamp.While thither are individual cells that are many inches across. Interconnected PV cells form a PV module. Modules are interconnected to form a PV array. The module is designed to contain a number of te cells interconnected as a series of thin layers. This is purposely intended to protect the solar cells from the ambient and as well as generate a higher voltage compared to a single cell, which delivers less than 1 volt. Arrays varies in the size that is needed dependent upon the amount of sunlight that the location is receiving and the needed power generated by the array depending the intended usage.The array is not just composed of the PV modules, which comprises the majority of the PV system, it also includes the electrical connection, mounting hardware, power-conditioning equipment and batteries that store the generated electricity intended for use during the times when the sun is not available or shining (Solar_Energy_and_Technology_Program, 2005). Crystalline silicon solar cells are used in more than half of all solar electric devi ces. the likes of most semiconductor devices, they include a positive layer (on the bottom) and a negative layer (on the top) that create an electrical field inside the cell.When a photon of light strikes a semiconductor, it releases electrons (see animation). The free electrons flow through the solar cells bottom layer to a connecting wire as direct current (DC) electricity. Some solar cells are made from polycrystalline silicon, which consists of several small silicon crystals. Polycrystalline silicon solar cells are cheaper to produce but somewhat less efficient than single-crystal silicon (Solar Electricity, 2004). A simple silicon solar cell can power a watch or calculator. However, it produces only a tiny amount of electricity. connected together, solar cells form modules that can generate substantial amounts of power. Modules are the building blocks of solar electric systems, which can produce enough power for a house, a rural medical clinic, or an entire village. full-size arrays of solar electric modules can power satellites or provide electricity for utilities. Solar Electric scheme Components (Solar Electricity, 2004). PV cells can be made from different semiconductor materials but the most commonly used in manufacturing is crystalline silicon.Crystalline silicon has gained popularity since it was the first material used in the earliest successful PV devices. Silicon has 14 electrons and its orbital arrangements allows up to four electrons to be given, shared or accepted. These outermost electrons, known as valence electron, play a vital part in photoelectric effect of solar cells. Solar cell technology benefited greatly from the high standard of silicon technology developed originally for transistors and later for integrated circuits. This applied also to the quality and availability of single crystal silicon of high perfection.In the first years, only Czochralski (Cz) grown single crystals were used for solar cells. This material still plays an important role. As the cost of silicon is a significant proportion of the cost of a solar cell, great efforts have been made to reduce these costs. One technology, which dates back to the 1970s, is block casting which avoids the costly puling process. Silicon is melted and poured into a square SiO/SiN coated graphite crucible. Controlled cooling produces a polycrystalline silicon block with a large crystal grain structure.

Modern Migration Essay Example for Free

Modern Migration EssayThe story of humanity is of community constantly in movement. Anthropology, history and sociology ar disciplines that study how multitude migrate, come into cont effect with separates, and build and look at communities all over the world, from ancient to contemporary societies. Although human migration is ubiquitous across time, the designation of people as certain types of migrants is a relatively new phenomenon in history. Consider the various labels now affixed to people who leave their specify of birth* Internal versus international migrants* Legal versus illegal, irregular or undocumented migrants* volunteer(prenominal) versus forced migrants* Economic migrants versus refugees and asylum seekers* Permanent versus circular migrants* Primary versus secondary (or chain) migrants and* Smuggled and trafficked migrantsModern Migration Routes (1960s to the 1990)Migration information collection is uneven undocumented migrants atomic deed 18 not counted, and multiple layers of local, regional, state, national and international bureaucracy fine-tune the picture. Data collectors cannot know if a migrants temporary speech is his final iodin m whatsoever another(prenominal) people ar routinely counted as one type of migrant when they may simply be in transit or settling temporarily. We can, however, identify some of the main migration routes of the last quarter hundred * For international migration, areas of origin abide historically been, and continued to be, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa.* Primary destination countries both historically and currently are Australia, Canada, France, Germ either, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. * New destination countries allow India, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain and Portugal. * northeast America, with 41 million or 23.4% of total migrants, has seen the greatest percentage increase in migration between 1990 and 2000, at 48%.* Statistics from the forme r USSR, where many are considered migrants simply because the borders around them have changed, are mis engineering. Ad serioused for this, the US emerges as the primary destination country for international migrants, followed by Germany, France, India and Canada. * In none of these primary destination countries do migrants constitute a large percentage of the population as a whole. Countries with the gameyest ratio of foreigners to natives are the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Jordan, Israel and Singapore.Specific migrant flows were seen in the following areas over the last quarter century * Afghanistani refugees to Iran and Pakistan following war with the Soviets in the 1980s * Asian populations to the US in the wake of wars in south-east Asia and immigration policies ending discrimination against Asians * Mexican and Central American migrants to the US to civilize in manual labor and service economy seams* Migration of Chinese laborers and entrepreneurs to other parts of As ia * Chinese internal migration from rural areas to coastal industrial cities * Chinese dissident migration to North America following Tiananmen Square * Eastern to Western European migration as Communist regimes weakened in the late 1980s * Sorting of populations with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, including 25 million ethnic Russians left outside the new Russian Federation * Jews from the Soviet Union to Israel* Refugees and migrants associated with the abeyance up of Yugoslavia and the ethnic wars in the Balkans * Exiles and refugees back to post-Apartheid south-central Africa * Refugees dis transmitd from Iraq and Kuwait during the First Gulf War * Millions of Rwandan Hutu refugees into congou (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)), Uganda and Tanzania * Afghan and Iraqi refugees created by the wars of the early 2000s to Iran, Jordan and Syria * Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and southern Europe * Southern Europe as a gateway to Northern Eur ope* IDPs throughout Sudan from cultivated war and conflict in Darfur * Sudanese refugees to Chad and the Central African Republic * Migration from central and southern Africa to South Africa * Skilled workers from India and China to wealthy industrialized countries * Laborers from Central Asia and the Middle East to the oil-rich Gulf states and * Chinese workers to Africa to work on oil and mining concessions.Interview with an OFWName Carlos SolanoWork Construction Worker Japan Yes, hes enjoying his remuneration300k YEN e really month (Convert into peso it is 150k)Day care, carpenter, electrician, hostess, I.T ( computer courses)Slot railway carTNT/Overstaying in JapanGirls are the intimately illegal recruitersBody serve and caretaker If hostess yes, they enjoyed their salary/500k is the biggest cost of the hostessI dont know it depends if they have a family or whiz in Japan that can help them.80% TechnologiesIf your thin parts of T.V etc.If you have a big Body carpenterI f you are smart Computer technologiesAttitude of Gov. in Japan vindicate HospitalityIf how many childrens you have in Japan you will pee 10k every month go off Tax60% girls and 40% boys trend telephone circuitsNo, we dont export the jobs here in Pinas unless the people who wants to go in Japan because when I went to Japan I dont have any idea what will do in that respect someone just helped me.50% boys and 50% girls are illegal recruitersReasons Why they migrate?Family to stay together for our son,better career,better lucre,better future,itis to a greater extent capable of supporting immediate families specially in time of needs.DisadvantagesWere an alien to a foreign country, cant be citizen racism as Filipinos though cognise for qualified and skilled workers, still are considered as educated slaves to capitalist employers We have missed to execute our rights as citizen to our homeland due to serving an alien country for years This country cant be ours and never to be our home.Illegal RecruitmentAny act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utilizing, hiring, or procuring workers and allow ins referring, contract serve, promising or advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by a non-licensee or non-holder of authority contemplated under Article 13(f) of Presidential Decree No. 442, as amended, otherwise known as the Labor Code of the Philippines Provided, that any such non-licensee or non-holder who, in any manner, offers or promises for a fee employment abroad to two or more persons shall be deemed so engaged.It shall likewise include the following acts, whether committed by any person, whether a non-licensee, nonholder, licensee or holder of authority (a) To charge or accept this instant or indirectly any amount greater than that specified in the muniment of allowable fees prescribed by the Secretary of Labor and Employment, or to make a worker pay or acknowledge any amount greater than th at in truth received by him as a loan or advance (b) To furnish or publish any false notice or information or document in relation to recruitment or employment(c) To give any false notice, testimony, information or document or commit any act of misrepresentation for the mathematical function of securing a license or authority under the Labor Code, or for the purpose of documenting hired workers with the POEA, which include the act of reprocessing workers through a job order that pertains to non-existent work, work different from the actual overseas work, or work with a different employer whether registered or not with the POEA (d) To induce or drive to induce a worker already employed to quit his employment in order to offer him another unless the lurch is designed to liberate a worker from oppressive terms and conditions of employment(e) To influence or attempt to influence any person or entity not to employ any worker who has not apply for employment through his agency or wh o has formed, joined or supported, or has contacted or is supported by any union or workers organization (f) To engage in the recruitment or jellment of workers in jobs harmful to public health or morality or to the dignity of the Republic of the Philippines (g) To obstruct or attempt to obstruct inspection by the Secretary of Labor and Employment or by his punctually authorized representative(h) To fail to submit reports on the status of employment, placement vacancies, remittance of foreign qualify earnings, separation from jobs, departures and such other matters or information as may be required by the Secretary of Labor and Employment(i) To substitute or alter to the prejudice of the worker, employment contracts approved and sustain by the Department of Labor and Employment from the time of actual signing thereof by the parties up to and including the period of the expiration of the same without the approval of the Department of Labor and Employment(j) For an routiner or b roker of a recruitment or placement agency to become an officer or member of the mount of any corporation engaged in travel agency or to be engaged directly or indirectly in the management of a travel agency(k) To withhold or disown travel documents from applicant workers ahead departure for monetary or financial considerations, or for any other reasons, other than those authorized under the Labor Code and its implementing Rules and Regulations (l) distress to actually deploy a undertake worker without valid reason as determined by the Department of Labor and Employment (m) Failure to reimburse expenses incurred by the worker in connection with his documentation and processing for purposes of deployment, in cases where the deployment does not actually take place without the workers fault and (n) To allow a non-Filipino citizen to head or manage a authorize recruitment/manning agency.Overseas Employment Scams line of work seekers, interested in overseas employment that promises high pay, straightforward benefits, free traveled adventure, should be aware that there are unscrupulous operators who have devised elaborate and very convincing scams to bilk unwitting, and often desperate applicants. Before getting swept away with promises of exotic job opportunities, make sure you have thoroughly investigated the matter and know the potential risks involved in obtaining overseas employment. normal Overseas Employment ScamsUnlike legitimate employment firms that have permanent addresses, many unscrupulous operators run their so-called job placement firms from out-of-state, and may reserve just a post office or trip out drop address. Although there are legitimate firms with post office or mail drop addresses, job applicants should be aware that this practice, when used by unscrupulous operators, makes it easier for the operators to avoid scrutiny by their clients. In many instances, law enforcement officials investigating a suspicious firm have found a fly-by- night operation. The scam headquarters, with little more than a desk and a send for, may be based in one state, but operate out of other states, making it more difficult for the officials to track the operation.Typical overseas job scams, include* Firms that charge advance fees. These operations usually advertise in newspapers and magazines. The ads most a great deal offer construction jobs, one of the industries hardest hit by a weak economy. Consumers who call the number, provided in the ad, are generally told that there are immediate openings available for which they are perfectly suited. But to fling in the job, they are told, they must pay a placement fee in advance. These up-front charges can wheel from $50 to several thousand dollars.Firms that charge these advance fees often are so eager to get the money in their hands and avoid using the U.S. mail service that they may get out a courier to pick up the deposit, or require that it be sent via overnight delivery, at the a pplicants expense. However, more often than not, these firms actually have little, or no, contacts with employers and can offer minimal assistance, despite their service charges. Job seekers should not be duped by a firms promise of a refund, if no job or lead materializes. Most of these firms that require payment in advance do not stay around ache enough for dissatisfied customers to get their money back.* Firms that charge a fee once they provide a job lead. A disreputable firm may fabricate job leads, or bring in a third-party to impersonate a potential employer, in order to get an applicants fee.* 900 number operators. A 900 number attached with employment opportunities may charge a high flat fee, or per-minute rate. In some instances,900 number operators may fail to disclose the cost of each call or, if printed, display it in fine print. As a result, societys may not be aware of how much they are spending. Some unscrupulous operators may even increase their fees by creating delays while the caller is on the line. In one case, for example, a consumer answered an advertizement instructing job applicants to call an800 toll-free number for more information.The message on that number directed the caller to dial a900 number to find out virtually job openings. The900 number, however, merely directed the caller to send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to have a job application mailed out. The consumer complied received only a one-page generic job application, and was billed $39 for the phone call. The FTC now requires, among other things, that operators of 900 numbers provide information on the cost of the call up front. When calling a 900 number, be sure you run into the charges before continuing with the call.* Job listing services. There are many firms that make no promises to place you in a job. They merely sell a list of job opportunities, providing little assurance about the accuracy of the information. For instance, the information may be sold via a newsletter that features photocopied help-wanted ads from newspapers around the world. many an(prenominal) of the ads may be months old, soliciting jobs that already have been filled. In addition, the ads may not have been verified to ensure that the jobs actually exist. Some ads may be from countries with strict quotas that discourage the hiring of foreign citizens. Other publications may promise approaching to information on job opportunities, but provide nothing more than a listing of employers in various regions.How to Avoid Employment ScamsMany job seekers have lost money to disreputable advance-fee placement firms. If you specify to use an overseas job placement firm, the best way to avoid being scammed is to learn as much as you can about the operation * Ask for references. Request both name of employers and employees the high society has actually found jobs for. Scam artists will typically defend their refusal to provide the information, claiming it is a trade secret. Or, they frequently claim that if they told you where the openings are, you would circumvent their services. These schemers may also cite privacy concerns as the reason for refusing to provide the names of people they have placed.* separate out reliability. Contact the local Better Business Bureau, as healthful as the states consumer protection agency, to find out if any complaints have been filed against the firm. * Avoid firms that operate solely via telephone or mail. Any reputable placement firm will almost certainly need to construe you before it can market you effectively to an employer. Be suspicious of any operation that claims it can place you with an employer, without meeting and interviewing you. Be particularly wary of firms that operate outside of the state where they advertise. In many instances, unscrupulous operators purposefully seek to outperform themselves from their clients in order to avoid closer scrutiny. If they are ultimately challenged, the distance co mplicates an investigation by law enforcement authorities.* Find out how long the employment company has been in business. Also, inquire what is the firms present financial condition. Compare the company, and the services offered, with other similar firms before you pay a fee.* see all promises in writing. Before you pay for anything, request and obtain a pen contract that describes the services the firm intends to provide. Determine whether the firm is simply going to forward your resume to a company that publicly advertised a listing, or if it will actually seek to place you with an employer. Make sure that any promise you receive in writing is the same as what was stated in the initial gross revenue pitch.* Research any information the firm provides to you before you make a commitment. Make certain the job actually exists before you pay a firm to hold a slot for you, and definitely before you make plans to relocate. Some unfortunate job seekers have been instructed to meet at a particular place to fly to their new jobs, only to find no airline tickets, no job, and often, no more company.* Check with the embassy of the country where the job is supposed to be located. Make certain that, as a citizen of another country, you are eligible to work there. * Ask if you will be eligible for a refund, if the leads the firm provides you are unacceptable, or do not work out for any other reason. If the firm has a refund policy, look at for specific written details that spell out whether you can expect a full refund, and if there are any time limits for receiving your refund.Even if you are promised a refund in a written agreement, read the fine print. A disreputable firm may include red tape that protects its interests, not yours. For example, one common scam is to include a requirement that job seekers check in regularly with the firm, at their own expense. Clients who unwittingly fail to make the required contact may forfeit their opportunity for a refund. Howeve r, they are not told this until they ask for the refundTESDACourses Offered1. culinary Arts 10 days2. Advanced Culinary Arts 10 days3. Bartending 10 days4. Advanced Bartending 10 days5. Waitering 10 days6. Advanced Waitering 10 days7. Comprehensive Commercial Baking 8 days8. MS delegacy Applications9. Computer Installation, Maintenance and Repair 10. PC Network Installation and MaintenanceAnalysis and Conclusion Many Filipino nowadays dreams of having a job abroad because they have heard from someone that they offer high salary so even if they will be away from their loved ones, they will sacrifice just to give their family their happiness. But for me, if one is determined and opportunity taker, he can earn what the jobs abroad offers. iodin who wants to go abroad should go to the office accredited by the government. He should not entertain fixers or employers who offers fast fly to the other countries. He should be aware of the policies and rules when applying a job overse as.With the introduction of the practiced and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Program in 2002-2003, data from the Technical Education and Skills Development trust (TESDA) show that graduates in vocational courses jumped by 116.6 percent. This was, however, followed by a drop in graduates in 2004-2005, but this rose significantly to 14.0 percent and 25.0 percent in 2005-2006 and 2006-2007.Likewise, survival in vocational training is greater with a 68.6 percent rate as the lowest and 91.9 percent as the highest from 2001 to 2005.BibliographyPhilippine Labor migration regard and policy 1992 Scalabrini migration center, Quezon City 134p. Philippine Labour migration critical dimensions of public policy 1998 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 198p. Worldsavvy.org

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Critical intellection and Ethics EssayWhat is the relationship between ethical motive and searing thought? Critical thinking and ethics are mapd in everyday life. I think it stovepipe that we define the two terms before we get deep into the discussion. The Merriam-Webster dictionary says ethics is the discipline transaction with what are good and bad with moral duty and obligation and Dictionary Reference say circumstantial thinking is disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence. These could both be further define by saying they are the ability to make good or bad choices and the act of well thinking through a decision. Critical thinking and ethics decisions are life skills.Critical ideaThere are six levels in the critical thinking process. They are remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. The majority of population use the first-class honours degree four levels in day to day life. The final t wo levels are probably employ in more complex problems and more time will be positd in subjection to applying these steps. Critical thinking is used in our day to day lives. We make multiple decisions in a days time. Some of these decisions are routine and some require more effort and time. We drop to evaluate affairs at a young age and or so likely pick up most of our problem solving skills from our parents. When you hear the term critical thinking your first thought may be negative but critical thinking should non be thought of as being critical but rather think critically.During our life there will be generation when we contend to make decisions that can be life altering. A few examples might be buying a new car, choosing courses at your university, or deciding between a two jobs. Everyone can relate to the punctuate of buying a new car. This is a decision that couldaffect you for the next five years and its a decision that should not be taken lightly. My decision to bu y the car may fork over a different outcome if I start the process with questions as opposed to making a emotional purchase. Those questions might look some liaison like this, What type of car do I want?, What descend of payment can I afford?, and What is the best car make?. All of these questions will jell the outcome. Answering all these questions will allow me to make an informed decision.EthicsWe stated earlier that ethics deals with knowing what is right or wrong. We do the right thing because it is the legal philosophy, because it is what we were taught, or because we listen to our inner voice. I used a personal evaluation tool earlier this week called the ethical inventory list. This was an bodily function to help me better understand the values that influence my decisions. This tool produced some shocking results which I was affect to see. My preferred ethical lens was Reputation. I do care what people think and this has motivated me to stick out in all things I do. M y blind spot was revealed during this exercise and was identified as unrealistic determination expectation. I had to read the definition twice to fully understand it and I still demand to do more research. In short, I put too much value in the grapheme (position) a person holds and that can cause you to forget that people make mistakes. My father was a law enforcement officer. I was taught what was right and wrong at a young age. My father took this to the extreme at times because he saw more bad than good while assuming his daily duties.I have always been known as the guy that will make the right choice even if that choice is the hard choice. Ethics apply to the professional world and well as the social sector. I hold out for a large heavy equipment manufacture. Ethics is one of our core values. The company makes ethical choices that affect the spotless world. A few examples are promoting safety, recycling, emissions, and renewable resources. Do these topics cross your mind wh en you think of the largest heavy equipment manufacturers in the world? They may not but it is the professional right, the ethically right thing to do. When I first started working for the company I was surprised at how much emphasis was placed on safety. They require wearing PPE (personal protection equipment) and have mandatory monthly safety training. The company recycles everything. They recycle all metallic element products, cardboard, plastics, wood, andeven personal trash has to be sorted.Professional companies maintain high ethical standards because it is the right thing to do for their employees and customers. Social ethics is doing what is right for the people around you. When I think of social ethics a couple things come to mind. First is the adopt a highway sign that you see along the roadway when you drive home. Groups of people come unitedly for no apparent reason besides withhold the world a cleaner place. Is this the right thing to do? Sure it is. Another example i s the groups of people that come together at public parks to do maintenance and clean-up work. Chances are they do not live in the neighborhood, nor do they have children that play there. Why do people strangers come together sacrificing their free time to volunteer for activities like these? There is one answer. They are the ethically right thing to do.ConclusionEthics are a vital part of survival but we need to be reminded ourselves that ethics change as the world changes. Things that used to be considered in a negative direction is now accepted by society. However, we still need ethical decisions in order for us to inflate as a community, a society, and a civilization.ReferencesEthics Def. 1. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online. In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http//merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethics Critical Thinking Def. 2. (n.d.). Dictionary Reference Online. In Dictionary Reference Online. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from dictionary.reference.com/browse/c ritical+thinking

Handicaps and Special Needs Essay Example for Free

Handicaps and Special necessitate EssayHandicaps and Special Needs people argon those who are not considered normal because of their physical (blindness), cordial (mental retardation), motor (unable to walk properly) or Auditory Perception Disability (difficulty distinguishing subtle differences in shapes, reversing earn like d and b or p and q, or confusing E and 3. ). Disability female genitalia be mild or severe. Because of their disabilities they whitethorn be unable to perform tasks, even simple turn of events ones like eating, walking or taking a bath without assistance from others. Assistance may be in the form of help extended like when a sibling will help a blind brother reach certain destination by holding his hand or in the form of modification to accommodate their disability like schools for mentally retarded baberen were specially designed in a manner that mentally impaired person are able to grasp certain lessons. Disabilities may be acquired at birth or certa in period of disembodied spirit when they meet accidents or develop illness.This essay will discuss on three examples of chipped and special needs. One example of handicap as cited above is blindness (physical disability). Blindness of course means that a person is unable to see. It is often easier to guide and assists a person who is not blind from birth. By then he already knows a lot of things, he knew the color red or how a tree looks or he stand distinguish a cow from a lion without the necessity of touching. He can easily disgorge around the house or other familiar places without any assistance.For a blind person at birth, on the other hand, it may be difficult at first because they had never seen the things around them so they do not welcome any mental picture. For them, touching, listening and tasting are essential for training (Blindness 1995). He never knew what circle is before so his hands need to touch a circle. In the case of Helen Keller, the famous blind woma n, Anne Sullivan taught her what water was by letting water run heap to her hands.To help them learn alphabet, Braille was invented wherein the letters were represented in the form of dots. With patience and perseverance however, a blind person, even those born blind, are able to live and enjoy a normal life with minimum assistance from others. An example of people with special needs is the sick (learning disability). Medical experts classify Autism as a developmental disorder caused by the defective functioning of the brain.This disorder is characterized by failure to move socially (do not play with other kids), failure in the use of language (unfitness to learn to talk) and prosecute in repetitive and obsessive behaviors (playing with a certain toy for hours or constant twirling and turning). Autistic persons have limited interests and activities and they usually unable to understand emotional signals like anger or sadness and they do not respond when their names are called. If parents are observant they can detect that their child is autistic even as young as 18 months.Their early warning signs are their inability to collapse eye contact or respond to cooing appropriately like most babies do. Other signs that a child is autistic are repetition of certain words or phrases when they are frightened or disturbed, twist of their hair to mean that they are hurt or withdrawal from interaction with others, even with parents they prefer to be alone and to create their own world, whatever that may be (Pervasive 2007). Parents of these children needs to be educated how to respond properly to this children and therapy and speech instructions are often recommended for an autistic person.Specialized schools are also available for them. A third example of handicapped is motor disability due to inability to use certain muscle groups resulting to difficulty in walking, running or climbing (motor disability). This may be a mild from of disability and wherein muscle th erapy or medication is needed to cure the problem (An admission p. 2). The aim of any normal person is to make living and working accessible for these types of people so that they also will be afforded opportunities for normal living.ReferencesAn Introduction to Special Needs(2007). Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http//serch. cofc. edu/special/IntroductionToSpecialNeeds. pdf Blindness(1995). Kids Health. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http//www. kidshealth. org/kid/health_problems/sight/visual_impaired. html Pervasive Developmental Disorder(2007). National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke. Retrieved October 1,2007 from http//www. ninds. nih. gov/disorders/pdd/pdd. htmIs_there_any_treatment

Jim Crow Essay Example for Free

Jim Crow EssayC. Vann Woodwards book The freaky flight of Jim Crow is a close look at the struggles of the African American community from the time of reconstruction to the accomplished Rights effort. The book portrays a scene where the inkinesses are now free men after macrocosm slaves on the plantations and their adaptation to life as being seen as free yet inferior to the neat race and their hundred year struggle of becoming followizes in a community where they have invariably been seen as second class citizens. To really understand the motivation of C. Vann Woodwards motives of his book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, maven must look at Mr.Woodwards life.Comer Vann Woodward was born and raised in Vanndale, AK in indulge County on November 13, 1908. The town was named after his mothers aristocratic family. He attended Henderson- Brown College in Arkadelphia, AK for two years before transferring to Emory University in Atlanta, GA in 1930, where he graduated. He r eceived his PHD in history at the University of North Carolina and after he took graduate classes at Columbia University where he was introduced and influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946-61 and at Yale University from 1961-67.He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chestnuts Civil War and won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South*. It was when he was teaching at Johns Hopkins when he wrote the book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. It was during the court ruling of Brown vs Board of Education in 1954 that Woodward started his lectures, which lead to his book, at the University of Virginia. His reference was much or less surprised about the race relations of the old south during reconstruction most design that the two races have always been separated with hatred.Woodward argues that the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s were a hot concept of separating the two races. Throughout slavery and during the reconstruction perio d, the two races were fully integrated working on frugals and political problems the separation of the two races would lead to an insufficient and ineffective plantation. The typical dwelling of a slave-owning family was a walled compound shared by both master and slave families. Neither non-slaveholding whites nor free Negroes fly this ntimacy, for they were sprinkled through most parts of town and surrounded by people of both races (14).The same relations remained true during the Reconstruction era when the blacks started to urbanize in the south. Woodward goes on to say that the blacks and whites lived side by side, share-out the same premises if not equal facilities and living constantly in each others presence (14). The good relations of the south tump overed sour when conflicts between the whites over economic troubles heightened in the late 1870s. the determination of the Negros place took shape gradually under the influence of economic and political conflicts among divide d white people- conflicts that were eventually resolved in part at the expense of the Negro (6).The Negro at the time became the scapegoat for all of Americas economic strife. Many thought it best if they separated themselves from the Negro then all would be better. Hence the Jim Crow laws started to form on the segregation of the two races and then court cases followed in suit, aka Plessy vs Ferguson in 1896 which ruled separate but equal.Ironically the south is known for the most racial discrimination but most cities were reluctant in to employ legal separation of the races. In New Orleans, whites and blacks gathered freely at public events and even umteen had sexual relations with one another resulting in an influx of mulattos in that area (15-16). Racism did in fact take place in mostly rural areas. An excessive squeamishness or anger about contact with Negroes was commonly identified as a lower class white attitude, eyepatch opposite attitude was popularly identified with the quality (50).It was within these rural lower classes that extreme racism was formed involving white supremacy groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. As political parties started to diversify in the middle 1880s, more conservative Democrats took the scene and strictly enforced the laws of segregation. The Republicans were the ones in support of more tolerant and equal society. The mentality of if one thing is separate then they all have to be took precedent during this time. With the shift of political parties, the segregation of the blacks from the whites heightened and the individual rights a Negro had were limited.Blacks were discouraged to vote and separation of the two races became almost total with separate modes of transportation to separate drinking fountains. After the Progressive era and the New Deal, desegregation was a thought in higher education. Colleges started to let Negro students attend white universities because the separation of the races at school was infringin g on their fourteenth amendment rights (144). Even though theses students did not attend the university for all four years, it was build up that helped lead up to the 1954 case of Brown vs Board of Education.The school boards argued that Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect on colored children, for it generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unconvincing ever to be undone (147). The ruling of integration of public schools was monumental for the blacks at that time. After act to fight racism and limitations of their individual rights, the blacks could finally be more equal then they had been in the eye of the law.When Woodward presented his lectures at the University of Virginia, which subsequently led to his book, it was right after the ruling of Brown vs Board of Education. He insisted that his audience would be integrated as well so he spoke to not only students, qualification and dignitary of the university but he also spoke to local blacks and whites of the community. His lectures received mix reviews some older, more conservative members of the university were shocked and appalled by Woodwards comments of pro-integration, while others were intrigued.For them, the white Southern professors message was a challenge to the assumption that race relations had been immutably fixed over the track down of Southern history (224). Woodward also argued that the south was always changing and something that limited the rights of blacks in the 1890s was to turn around in the 1950s to something better. When The Strange Career of Jim Crow was released nationally, America did not agree with Woodwards idea that it was time for a change, segregation was ore firmly embraced than ever (225).Whites did not approve of the ruling of the integration of schools so they protested and sometimes rioted when the government tried to integrate some of the sch ools. States such as Georgia shake off the confederate flag back on their state flag in defiance of the new laws (225). Blacks protested in comparison. After the arrest of Rosa Parks not wanting to give up her seat to a white man, the Civil Rights Movement launched its campaign of civil and equal liberties lead by Rev.Martin Luther King jr. When this book was originally published in 1955, Rev King called it the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement. I believe that the main reason behind Kings statement was that the movement was on the front page of every newspaper for over a decade that when the book did come out, Woodward looked at the struggle of the Negro in a historical sense and not putting blame on a specific race, but on certain decisions some legislators made that forced America to transmit in the direction of segregation.Woodward presented a historical and non threatening story which gave reason to the Civil Rights Movement. The blacks liked it because it showed the persecution they had to acquit for so long and the perseverance they maintained throughout that time and the whites bought the book because it helped explain what was going on at that moment in time. No doubt that this book is an important historical document that helped a nation through one if its more difficult times in history.

Organisation and Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisation and Behaviour Essay organizational structure burn strike down be described as the frame feat in which an arrangement channelises. There ar three main types of organizational structure functional, divisional and intercellular substance structure.A functional structure is set up so that individually portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. In this type of organization, for example, there may be a marketing department, a sales department and a harvestingion department. The functional structure works very sound for keen businesses in which separately department can rely on the talent and knowledge of its workers and support itself. However, unitary of the drawbacks to a functional structure is that the coordination and communication among departments can be restricted by the organizational boundaries of having the various departments working separately.A divisional structure typically is used in larger companies that operate in a wi de geographic argona or that have separate picayuneer organizations deep down the umbrella group to cover contrary types of products or market areas. For example, the now-defunct Tecumseh Products Company was organized divisionallywith a small engine division, a compressor division, a parts division and divisions for each geographic area to handle peculiar(prenominal) needs. The benefit of this structure is that requirements can be met rapidly and more specifically however, communication is inhibited because employees in different divisions are not working together. Divisional structure is costly because of its size and scope. Small businesses can use a divisional structure on a smaller scale, having different offices in different parts of the city, for example, or assigning different sales teams to handle different geographic areas.A matrix structure is a hybrid of divisional and functional structure. Typically used in large international companies, the matrix structure allows for the benefits of functional and divisional structures to exist in angiotensin-converting enzyme organization. This can create exponent struggles because most areas of the company allow have a dual forethoughta functional manager and a product or divisional manager working at the similar level and covering some of the same managerial territory.Organizational structure is closely related to culture. Culture refers to the deep-seated beliefs, values and norms that represent the peculiar character of an organization and also the overlap goals and visions for the people in the organization. Organizational structure and culture are difficult to separate as they are intertwined and dependent on each other. Arguably, Greenscape operates a matrix structure.Organizational structure can be described as the framework in which an organization operates. How its delegates are delegated and its lead structure i.e. its lines of authority and communication. Organization structure determi nes how information flows between different levels of management and employees. How roles, power and duties are delegated controlled and coordinated. The structure an organization chooses is dependent on its objectives and the strategy employed to achieve them. Pre-globalization most organizations had a centralize structure where the power was concentrated at the top. With globalization we has seen a shift in many organizations to a more decentralized structure where decision making is more participative and decision making is power is shared and more autonomy is given to divisions and departments. The motivating of the individuals goals and aspirations, needs met in one, and not the organization what drives us in life and in business in particular, managerial tasks to recognize the individual motivations and management tools are associate to organizational goals with individual can move resources to achieve organizational goals.Lawler (1981) argue that the factors determining th e balance motivation the efforts and expectations concerning performance relationship and the perceived attractiveness of proceeds. These factors are simply related links to each other, where each link is irrelevant. If an employee receives a job, which is calculated as a challenge to your skills, and be able to complete this task successfully with very nice rewarded, so trying to maximize the performance. If, however, the challenges we face are too spoiled or too small, it go out not sufficiently able to feel, or to solve the problem for the reward is not attractive enough, and it will not be effective enough. Youll be motivated and do not feel the job is important it is not going to make an effort to get the take up place of the employee.Leadership is the backbone for the success of an organization. Normally there are four types of leading styles, which are Autocratic, Participative, Delegative and justify Reign. These leadership styles have different effectiveness in diffe rent circumstances.Differences and similarities between the leadership styles of muck desirable and Brenda HoganWe can argue that Max Worthy was operating in a free reign/ commanding leadership styles where everyone had to mind its own business. Brenda Hogan was a manager using a participative management approach. The participative approach will promote integrity, great observation skills and high emotional intelligence. It also promotes openness to effective communication. Hogan wanted to require everyone in taking part at the formulation of decisions that affected them. She created the environment for the staff to learn from each other and acquire new skills, especially managerial. In contrast, Max Worthy dictated what needed to be done to staff from a distant office. Employees became accustomed to his practices and were reluctant to adopt the new approach from Hogan. Hogan leadership style can inspire her entire team to achieve excellence by example. Her hard work and caring n ature set an example for all her coworkers.Management takes place within a integrated fundamental lawal setting with prescribed roles. It is directed towards the achievement of aims and objectives through influencing the efforts of others. Below is a discussion of three well known management theories.Classical management guessIt puts emphasis on structure and prescriptive what is upright for firms. One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational structure with distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities as there is division of labour. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete and employees responsibilities are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to specialize in one specific area and leads to increased productivity. Employees are motivated by monetary rewards (a fair daytime pay for a fair day work). The leadership style is autocratic. Managers direct the employees and all decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. This is the case for the management style adopted by Max Worthy.Human Relations TheoriesClassical theorists were bear on with structure and mechanics of organizations. But human relation theorists were concerned with the human factors at work. This was undoubtedly the management style adopted by Brenda Hogan. The human relations theory focus is on motivation, group motivation and effective leadership. At the heart of this theory is the relationship between employer and employee. According to the Human relation theory peoples needs are decisive factors in achieving an organisations objectives. Individuals cannot be tempered in isolation, but function with group members.Contingency TheoriesFrom the late 1950s, a new approach to organisation theory was developed which became known as contingency theory. According to this theory, there is no one best way to structure an organisation. When deciding on how it s hould be structured, how it should be organized and how it should be managed, an organisation will face a range of choices. Successful organisations adopt becharm structures in response to a calculate of variables, or contingencies, which influence both the needs of the organisation and how it works. Theorists in favour of the contingency approach commend a diagnosis of people/ task/ technology/environment then suggest the development of appropriate solutions (e.g. Pugh).