Elderly Physical Activity And Exercise Health And Social Care Essay

Elderly sensual action mechanism And set Health And well-disposed Cargon EssayAccording to Foster (1983), well olden be commonwealth over the age of 65 who weather in the confederation forth of an institutional setting who continue their life-long patterns of coping with life and living.2.2.0 visible legal action and Exercise2.2.1 Definitions of Physical Activity and ExerciseCaspersen, Powell and Christenson (1985) define forcible activity as any bodily movements produced by skeletal tendons that firmness of purpose in energy expenditure whereas behave was defined as planned, structured, repetitive, and goal-direct bodily movement d one and only(a) to improve or maintain one or more(prenominal) than components of sensual appargonlness. In several studies these two terms are used interchangeably.Melillo et al. (1996) stated that when compared to fleshly activity, make is only a component of the overall concept. According to O Brien Cousins (1998) when geront ologists need to measure amounts of carnal movements that the venerable may be doing , they tend to use the term bodily activity instead of employment or rollick as the latter(prenominal) two may sound like high- exertion and risky activity.2.2.2 Perceptions of Physical Activity and ExerciseHutton et al. (2009) studied the view of natural activity in fourth-year adults. just about consider the affair in everyday activities much(prenominal) as folkhold chores, leisure pursuits and gardening sufficient for them to meet their material requirements. On the some other hand, others bankd that activity needs would be met if one participates in specialized tasks other then daily activities.Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) studied the take issueence in intimacy of lick mingled with the less and the more fleshlyly capable throng of old adults. The less naturally capable free radical defined model as maintaining basic abilities and movement. The more physiologicly capabl e mean that commit should push physical limits and steadytually have a goal, although they did non pair that ageing increases the challenge in activities of daily living. Wilcox, Oberrecht, Bopp, Kammermann and McElmurray (2005) came to similar conclusions after analysing ancient womens attempt in describing the difference between the physical activity and knead. Physical activity was viewed as broader than role.Walcott- McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) distinguished cypher definition between cured adults at assorted stages of readiness to change, used in the Transtheoretical Stages of Change baffle by Prochaska et al. (1997). Precontemplators viewed praxis as a form of physical exertion such(prenominal)(prenominal) as performing calisthenics and push ups. Participation in formal programs, walking and home economic consumptions were contemplators scholarships of sum. A broader definition was given by the action and victuals group as reckon was defined as house campaign , dancing, general movement and attending sociable functions.2.2.3 Recommendations of ExerciseTheAmerican College of Sports medicinal drug (ACSM) and theAmerican Heart Association (AHA) released act upon guidelines in 2007 which are an update from the 1995 guidelines by ACSM and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The new recommendation of inhibit-intensity oxidative exercise for adults over age 65 identified 30 legal proceeding a day, five days per week as the recommended minimum as opposed to previous one that stated accumulation of 30 legal proceeding or more on most, preferably all days of the week (Haskell et al., 2007). A subjective scale that ranges from 1 (resting) and 10 (an all knocked out(p) effort), is used since moderate intensity cannot be defined in peremptory terms. Moderate intensity exercise gist working hard at intimately level-six intensity and macrocosm able to carry on a conversation during exercise (ACSM AHA, n.d.).2.2.4 Perceptions of Exercise RecommendationIn 2004, Belza et al. effect that previous(a) adults understood the ACSM and CDC recommendation. In a similar aim done by Wilcox et al. (2005) amongst old women, the participants expressed the idea that moderate-intensity is subjective as it depends on the mortal. house retention and walking were the two most examples given to illustrate the meaning. Others defined moderate intensity by the level of exertion such as sweating, when the bone marrow start pounding and going beyond comfort level. The word roll in the recommendation resulted in uncertainty. When asked to give their general opinion on the recommendation, some s advocate that it was good and realistic and others said it was not. In the uniform strike it has been shown that older adults believe that tailoring recommendations to ones age and physical health is more sensible than just using one-size-fits-all recommendation.2.3.0 Benefits of Exercise2.3.1 Documented Benefits of ExerciseJuar be, Turok and Perez-Stable (2002) declared that physical inactivity is one of the most authorised correctable risk eventor for many diseases. WHO (2003) stated that physical activity is primary(prenominal) in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, token 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The risk of deaths from cardiovascular disease is reduced by moderate levels of physical activity (Bassett et al., 2002, as cited in Belza et al., 2004). Blumenthal et al. (1999) stated that routine physical exercise diminishes moral tinges such as depression and anxiety. Regular exercise is excessively connect to a diminution in the risk of falling (Gregg, Pereira Caspersen, 2000). cress et al. (2005, as cited by bodacious Grogan, 2009) stated that physical activity processs the senior to affirm up a correct quality of life by enabling them to have the opportunity for a more busy and free life. OBrien Cousins (2000, as cited in OBrien Cousins, 200 3) explains that elder see physical activity as high risk behaviour, when in actual fact it is chronic untruth in bed which decondition the body and increases the risk of health problems. In fact Booth, Bauman and Owen (2002) confirm that the risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle far exceed the risks associated with unbroken elaboration in regular physical activity.2.3.2 Knowledge and Perceptions of the Benefits of ExerciseIt was appoint that when cured inadequacy the faith in physical activity network, that is exercise self efficacy, universe knowledgeable about the benefits of exercise will not necessarily result in increased physical activity engagement (Phillips, Schneider Mercer, 2004).Crombie et al. (2004) in their study tack out that senior had high levels of knowledge about the specific health benefits from exercise company. However, a small frequent figure of participants gave the wrong responses or were unsure of the effects. 15% thought that physical activity can lead to long-term hypertension and 13% thought that exercise can weaken bones. 10% did not believe that participation in regular physical activity would not help them to feel better and in remaining independent. Most of age(p) believed that exercise can help to improve physical fitness, maintain levels of energy, maintain or increase muscle strength and tone, prevent aches and pains, and give them the opportunity to socialise with other people.Wilcox et al. (2005) examined perceptions of exercise benefits and came up with three types namely being ladinging and appearance, physical health and mental health benefits. Physical health benefits were the most regularly mentioned benefits of exercise in this study. Such examples include heart strengthening, improving arthritis, and decrease joystick stiffness. Some pointed out specific conditions that would benefit from exercise such as diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol. Stress reduction, improved alertness, s pot better, feeling good and improved sleep are examples of mental health benefits cited in the study.When asked about the health benefits of exercise in the study of Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001), many seniors mentioned freight loss and improvements in the heart and breathing. However, it was found that it was easier for decrepit to appreciate or detect increased leg strength than increased cardiac fitness, even though they were interested in increasing aerobic and cardiovascular capacity.Walcott-McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) notice the difference in discussion of benefits between aged(a) at different stages of exercise. Precontemplators and contemplators discussed benefits in terms of disease processes, such as it keeps you from having the hardening of arteries, prevents weight gain and helps the circulation. While those who exercised used terms such as guardianship alert, energizing, relief of stress, keeps you in shape and prevents you from getting stiff. Leavy and Aberg (2010 ) found out that the tranquil and moderately mobile immemorial did not believe strongly that being dynamical could add to life span or avoid disease, contempt not denying potential health benefits of exercise.2.4.0 Motivators to ExerciseResnick (1996, as cited in Keiba, 2004) defined motivation asthe inner urge that moves or prompts a person to actionmotivation comes from within.2.4.1.0 Personal Motivators2.4.1.1 Health and FitnessNewson and Kemps (2007) in their study among 222 ripened participants examined the relative incidence of exercise motivation from fitness, challenge or health factors. Fitness factors such as wanting to stay in shape and physically fit were marked as very frequent propel factors in 51.3% and 51.6% of participants respectively. 30% of fourth-year stated that weight loss has never been a do factor to exercise, while 24.5% always exercise to lose weight. Cholesterol reduction and weight loss promote healthy behaviours adoption such as healthy eating and exercise in elder (Greaney, Lees, Greene Clark, 2004). Improving fitness, keep healthy and joint mobility maintenance were the most written report motives to engage in exercise and sports in participants of the study of Kolt, Driver and Giles (2004).2.4.1.2 ChallengeBeljic (2007) stated that competition can be an efficient motivational tool for gray to exercise as it was common amongst sr. who constantly compared their blood glucose measurements whilst on a summer camp. Other people can be a first of external motivation through competition, cooperation and comparison (Fogg, 2003, as cited in Albaina, 2009). Factors such as competitivity and skills improvement were mostly marked as rare exhilarating factors (Newson Kemps, 2007).2.4.1.3 PsychologicalResnick et al. (2002) explained social cognitive theory of Bandura (1997). They stated that forethought regulates compassionate motivation and action. Outcome expectations and self-efficacy expectations are the basis of the behaviour cognitive control. This means that the person has to believe that a personal action will be followed by a certain outcome, and has to believe in his or her content to perform such course of action. Exercise engagement has been repeatedly found to be predicted by a strong self belief in accomplishing exercise (Phillips et al., 2004). Resnick (2002) identified factors that had been found to increase self efficacy in older adults. Such factors include role modelling, communicatory persuasionf and boost, education about exercise and reduction in exercise associated unpleasant sensations.Doing an activity the elderly really enjoy, was found to be a motivating factor to exercise (Melillo et al., 1996). Exercise adherence is influenced by physical activity usance as discussed by bald-faced and Grogan (2009).2.4.1.4 Other motivatorsAnother exercise enabler, judgment of conviction availability, emerged from the unhomogeneous studies including that of Scanlon-Mogel and Roberto (2004). 60% of elderly in the study agreed that role changes in later life such as retirement permit more epoch obtainable for elderly to participate in exercise. 9.1% of elderly in the study of Cohen-Mansfield, Marx and Guralnik (2003) mentioned increased time availability as a motivating factor.Tolma, Lane, Cornman and Uddin, (2003) indicated that some elderly are motivated to exercise because of their perceived exercise benefits such being able to perform simple activities of daily living, keeping busy and prevent boredom.2.4.2 loving MotivatorsKeiba (2004) discussed that social harbour could encourage individuals to ace necessary unappealing activities because we as individuals are social in nature. This is curiously significant in the older adult who is more reluctant and restrained in attempting certain activities delinquent to fear of decreased physical abilities and mental acuity. Berkman (1995, as cited in Resnick et al., 2002), described different types of social support related to exercise including instrumental, informational, emotional and appraisal types. Such examples of support include sequential an old adult for a walk, sharing information about exercise, craft a friend to check if they have walked or giving verbal encouragement. According to Hardy and Grogan (2009), social support would increase elderly confidence and reassurance and thus enhance elderly self efficacy in exercise.Family as encouragement was one of the most important themes that emerged from the study by Belza et al. (2004). Family support elderly participation in exercise in several ways, such as getting them exercise equipment, providing captivate to exercise facilities and by encouraging their participation. Grossman and Stewart (2003, as cited in Bunn et al., 2008) agrees with the latter study as they both cited that decreasing the burden on their family by avoiding sickness was an incentive for some elderly to keep physically prompt. The motivation of some elderly to stay active and maintain a good quality of life arises from the death and weight problems of their loved ones (Hardy and Grogan, 2009).Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) found that 14% of participants stated that having someone to exercise with, motivates them to be physically active. Wilcox et al. (2005) supported this finding as they found that elderly physical activity participation increases and becomes more enjoyable when having someone to exercise with. It was account that elderly discussed the idea of organizing neighbourhood groups to enable increased communication, support, and planning of physical activities. Because of increased social contact and motivation, group exercise encourages some elderly to be physically active according to Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001). 31.3% of African American and 27% of European American in the study of Schuler et al. (2006) stated that they exercise as it is something they can do with their friends.Swinburn, Walter, Arroll, Tilyard a nd Russell (1998) stated that patients consider a physicians exercise prescription important. Pfeiffer, Clay and Conatser (2001) in the evaluation of the former statement, pointed out that the physician believe in the health benefits of exercise since he or she equates exercise with medication. 6.1% of elderly in Nowak study (2006) mentioned physicians recommendation as a motive to exercise.2.4.3 environmental MotivatorsExercise facility proximity to the elderlys house promotes exercise engagement in 10% of the participants in the study of Chen, Snyder and Krichbaum (2001). Huston, Evenson, Bors and Gizlice, (2003) studied further this enabler among elderly in America and found that performance in some type of leisure-time physical activity is increased by having access to parks, clubs and fitness centres, in the locality of their homes or workplace.Bunn, Dickinson, Barnett-Page, Mcinnes and Horton (2008) identified accessible and appealing information about physical and psycholog ical benefits of exercise as facilitators to exercise. Convenient scheduling of exercise programmes which are tailored to needs or lifestyles enable exercise participation.2.5.0 Barriers of exerciseThe Oxford choose Dictionary (1994, pg.50) defined Barrier as something that prevents or controls advance, access, or progress. Hardy and Grogan (2009) stated that real or perceived hindrances can significantly retard exercise participation.2.5.1.0 Personal Barriers2.5.1.1 HealthIn the study of Juarbe et al. (2002), 28.6% of elderly claimed that the maintenance of a regular physical activity program was impeded by their personal health condition. Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) describe that the ability to stay physically active can be influenced by a variety of chronic incapacitate illnesses and a general lack of understanding of the role of physical activity. 53% reported pain or health problems as a terminal point to exercise. The elderly had the belief that due to their medical di agnosis they should not and were not allowed to participate in physical activity. 12% were curb by brusqueness of breath while 27% were impeded by painful joints (Crombie et al., 2004). The perception of making their pain worse and feeling of tiredness and dizziness restricted physical activity (Belza et al., 2004).2.5.1.2 ConcernsPetersen (2006) argued that for many older people, fear of injury is an cheque to exercise. Elderly may have multiple pathologies and they might be aghast(predicate) of exacerbating their symptoms such as pain, inducing injury such as a fracture and triggering hypoglycaemia for instance. Overexertion equals were brought up in the study of Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) such as worrying of death when the heart starts beating too fast. solicitude of exercise-associated falls were cited as obstacles to exercise ( Lavizzo-Mourey et al., 2001) as they lead to a line of descent in confidence, which in turn discourage exercise participation (Bruce, Devine Pr ince, 2002, as cited in Bunn et al., 2008). Unwillingness to go out at night due to fear of being out alone immobilizes exercise participation (Crombie et al., 2004 Hardy and Grogan, 2009).2.5.1.3 PerceptionsWilcox et al. (2005) discussed elderly perception of being too old to exercise and their concern of doing more harm than good. 34.9% of elderly participants in the study of Nowak (2006) and 14.3% in the study of Chen et al. (2001) voiced their idea that their inappropriate age is occluding them from exercising. Zunft et al. (1999, as cited in Leavy Aberg, 2010) in their examination of perceived barriers of the older European adults, found that being too old or not being the sporty type were major barriers in physical activity participation. Relating physical activity to sport and the unawareness of the moderate-intensity activity importance on healthy aging, could rationalize these perceptions, argues Leavy and Aberg (2010). Crombie et al. (2004) pointed out the contribution o f lack of positive beliefs of physical activity to sedentary behaviour. Some elderly women voiced their ideas that housework serves as a sufficient exercise and eliminate outside exercise activities requirement (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001).2.5.1.4 PsychologicalNowak (2006) reported that 7.8% of elderly women cited self-consciousness as their reason for physical passivity. Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) in their study assume that participation in group exercise might be influenced by embarrassment. As reported in the study, an elderly person was concerned that when twist over, the person behind would see the whole rear exposed. Hutton et al. (2009) in their findings of exercise barriers reported feeling of self-consciousness when exercising in the presence of younger people with gym equipment.Dissatisfaction of the body appearance and body mass index, would view the old adults body esteem and this would influence the level of physical activity (McLaren, Hardy Kuh, 2003, as ci ted in Hardy Grogan, 2009). McLaren et al. (2003) attributed this negative influence to the effect of body dissatisfaction on the persons sense of well-being and quality of life.Lack of enjoyment is another known barrier to exercise (Wilcox et al., 2005), in fact it impedes 8.3% of elderly participants in the study of Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003). Laziness, lack of motivation and willpower were identified as barriers to exercise (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001 Wilcox et al., 2005). Dergance et al. (2003) in their study about the difference of barriers to leisure time physical activity across cultures found that 19% of Mexican Americans elderly and 45.9% of European Americans elderly stated lack of interest as a barrier. 11.4 % of elderly in the study of Chen et al. (2001) have never considered practicing Thai Chi as they were not interested.2.5.1.5 Other barriersO Brein Cousins (2003) argues that since older people pack their schedules with voluntary work, care giving roles and probably bingo and other passive games, they genuinely feel they have no spare time left to engage in physical activity. Similarly Schuler al. (2006) reported that among their study population, 12.2% of African American and 10.1% of European American cited lack of time as an exercise barrier.Twenty nine percent of participants in Cheng et al. study in 2007 referred to their difficulty in memorising exercise styles as a barrier to exercise. 22.9% of elderly do not consider practicing Tai Chi as they think they will forget its complicated movements (Chen et al., 2001). The necessity of a walking aid is an impediment to exercise in the elderly (Lavizzo-Mourey et al., 2001).2.5.2 Social BarriersPetersen (2006), mentioned that physicians occasionally hinder lifestyle changes unintentionally. Patients are given the impression that exercise is not important as physicians do not inquire much about exercise. Rogers et al., (2006) reported low levels of physician counselling on physical activ ity. Only 34% of a survey participants cited being advised on exercise at their last debase visit (Wee, McCarthy, Davis Phillips, 1999, as cited in Resnick et al., 2002). ONeil and Reid (1991, as cited in Melillo et al., 1996) found that 16% of elderly did not exercise as their doctor advised them to be careful and not to over-exert themselves.Belza et al., (2004) reported that elderly mentioned family and work obligations which interfere with physical activity routine maintenance. Walcott-McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) indicated that family responsibilities such as sympathize with for grandchildren and older or ailing relatives are restricting the time available for elderly to be physically active. It was also stated that repeated family advice and encouragement can become irritating to the elderly person. Lack of social support from spouse, family and lack of company obstruct exercise participation (Lees, Clark, Nigg Newman, 2005 Wilcox et al., 2005). Ball, Bauman, Leslie and Owe n (2001, as cited in Salvador, Florindo, Reis Costa, 2009) stated that walking during leisure time is 31% less apt(predicate) in individuals who do not have anyone to exercise with. Antikainen et al., (2010) pointed out the elderly family members concern of overexertion and thus resulting in little encouragement to exercise.Negative comments directed to elderly who attempted to exercise discourage physical activity participation (Jancey, Clarke, Howat, Maycock, Lee, 2009). Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) emphasize this barrier as a group of children was a seed of intimidation and hazard for certain elderly whilst doing exercise.2.5.3 Cultural BarriersA barrier that emerged in the study of Wilcox et al. (2005) was that in the past, exercise was not something discussed and stressed on, and they did not have exercise role models. In fact one elderly woman cited that she cannot visualize her mother doing exercise or even communicate about it. Similarly in the study of Nowak (2006) it was found that the most barriers associated with physical inactivity were cultural, originating from the lack of cultivated customs of a physically active lifestyle in the society. Physical labour of past African American jobs led to their perception that additional exercise was not necessary (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001).2.5.4 environmental BarriersDifficulty, element of competition and lack of attraction of exercise classes were some of the elderly views that hindered their participation in a class, according to Hutton et al. (2009). Uneasiness was a mentioned concern in a group exercise environment and this pressure is owed to the unfitness of keeping pace with the class. Wilcox et al. (2005) supported this report by his findings in which elderly discussed the lack of age-appropriate classes and expenses.In the study of Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003), 10.9% of participants reported bad weather as an obstacle to exercise. Several issues related to rurality such as transport una vailability, lack of pavements, lack of safety and facilities were considered as barriers in Wilcox et al. study in 2005. Pfeiffer et al. (2001) supported these findings by their study and attributed the unavailability of sidewalks with the fear of falling and because makes walking an unappealing exercise. In the study of Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001), unevenness of steps and pavements was cited as another barrier. 16 % of elderly in Cheng et al. study (2007) cited limited public space available to do exercise. Limitation and inappropriateness of space to exercise in the house was found to be a barrier in the study done by Juarbe et al. (2002), usually due to the fact that they live in a confined space with their relatives, shared residential homes or in an apartment. Hardy and Grogan (2009) in their investigation of the factors influencing engagement in physical activity concluded that the lack of information about exercise and the elderly is limiting their participation.2.6.0 Vari ables affecting Impeding and Motivating FactorsOBrien Cousins (1995, as cited in OBrien Cousins, 2003) has shown that the elderly involvement in exercise could be significantly affected by the individuals life circumstances such as the age, gender, education and health.2.6.1 AgeBylina et al. (2006) cited content Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion when stating that 28-34% of adults between 65-74 years old and 35-44% of adults aged 75 or older are inactive, not exercising, and engaging in no leisure-time physical activities.Newson and Kemps (2007) compared those older than 75 years to their younger counterparts. They were more in all probability to exercise to maintain an active lifestyle and medical problems were more likely to prevent them from engaging in exercise. Kolt et al. (2004) found that involvement factors such as getting out of the house and having something to do, and medical motivators were rated more super by those 75 + than the middle old. Th e middle-age group reported fitness reasons to be more important than the old-age group. The high ratings of involvement factors may be explained by McMurdo (2000) when stating that loneliness and isolation faced by older adults may be countered by the experience provided by physical activity and exercise.2.6.2 aim of EducationWalsh, Rogot, Pressman, Cauley and Browner (2001) found out that medium or high intensity activities were activities that elderly women with greater than a high nurture education, were more likely to engage in. Similarly Cheng et al. (2007) reported that exercise participation was lower in less enlightened people .Highly educated elderly were found to be highly motivated to exercise by social and fitness motivators (Kolt et al, 2004) and an organized exercise program (Cohen-Mansfield, 2003). Involvement reasons were highly rated by those who did not complete high level education (Kolt et al, 2004).2.6.3 Level of ExerciseTime constraints and physical weakness were identified as barriers by the exercisers, while fear of falling and the negative consequences were mentioned by the non-exercisers. Lack of social support is a significant barrier for both. Having a buddy-system in a group exercise would encourage non exercisers to exercise (Lees et al., 2005). Fitness and Challenge factors were reported as frequent motivators by the high-level exercisers when compared to low-level exercisers. Concern, medical factors and lack of facilities and knowledge were rated as frequent barriers to low-level exercisers (Newson Kemps, 2007). Health problems were more likely to be identified as barriers by the precontemplators, although it was a common report among the other groups. Lack of motivation and laziness were identified as barriers by the elderly at every stage of readiness to change (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001). Social interaction was an opportunity which motivated the less active participants in particular, to feature part in exercise ( Leavy and Aberg, 2010).2.6.4 Marital and Habitual StatusCohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) found that having more time available would motivate a lot of get married elderly to exercise more frequently. Additionally, it was discussed that since the unmarried would probably be more in need of social interactions, they showed more of an interest in finding someone to accompany them in exercise. It was further discussed that the more socially obscure persons may benefit from social forms of exercise as group exercise would motivate them to exercise.2.7 ConclusionElderly persons have different perception of exercise definition, recommendation and benefits. A vast range of motivators and barriers were found to encourage or impede elderly participation in exercise. The perceptions, barriers and motivators were also found to differ with different elderly background characteristics and level of exercise.