Altruism-John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy once said conformity is the jailer of granting immunity and the enemy of growth. Which is true the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to what individuals perceive is normal to their familiarity or social group makes them apart of the masses. Which makes me think of the many unlike ways people submit there self into that category. For example watching someone be sexually assaulted and stabbed to death outside of an apartment construct only never calling the police to cooperate or veritable(a) attempting to tending yourself. Thats what happen to quite a little Genovese and she had xxxviii witnesses.Why was it that thirty-eight people stood there and watch her murder? Because they were too busy spread the responsibility for the simple fact that all these people are about someone must have called. As humans we do that a lot not help someone on the side of the passageway because they must have someone coming to help, never look at the screaming nose outside you dont exigency to constitute involve, dont help that person whos being sharpshoot diffusion of responsibility Diffusing the responsibility of yourself being involved into a situation that might put you in danger.That seem reasonably moreover how about when you do something that doesnt benefit you in anyway but you do it because it makes everyone else happy this is altruism. Let theorize someone did go and help Kitty Genovese they could have been seriously injured but Kitty Genovese would have had her life. Altruism is any nice gesture you do for someone else at the expense of yourself it doesnt mean you sightt satisfaction from your acts. In most cases of altruism you would enjoy it but the con of it is some durations you cant say No when you should be saying no.Youre doing what others want you to do when thats not whats in your heart to do. either I know is that more people should stand up for others because in any case you would want people to ignore you in your time of need. I cant really say how to get help but if youre in danger caught peoples attention, say something important, but most of all caught someone attention. One thing I must say be safe in this crazy worldly concern we call earth .

The Wholefoods Company

At the wholefoods lodge most entry level employees make $10. 86 on average. This averages out(a) to about 21,000 a year. This may not front to be a very compar equal pay scale, but their benefits out elbow rooms the pay. With a very extensive benefits package wholefoods has effectively been able to entice workers to be a part of the company. The company offers medical, dental, 401k, personal wellness account, health c be reimbursement, dependent care reimbursement, life insurance, disability insurance, aggroup member stock option plan, police squad member stock secure plan, team member discounts, team member emergency sharing account, and form sharing.Having all of these benefits outweighs the pay scale for most employees. They give good raises when promoting in the company as well. Most raise within the company are close to 1. 5%. The goal of employees in wholefoods would be to work their way up the chain of command to make more money. Store team leads within this company on average make $60, 171 a year. thither are many other team lead positions within the institution that all pay close to $14 an hour. Being that in that location is a team lead position for each department of whole foods there is room for improvement and growth within the company.Wholefoods can turn into a career for any hard working employee. One purposed exchange that the company could make to their pay structure to addition their marketability to the workforce could to be to increase the raise percentage from 1. 5% annually to 3% annually depending upon productivity. take aim the raise structure be based of productivity the more cultivable employees will earn 3% rises whereas the non-productive employees only get 1%. This change can also prove beneficial to the company as a motivation tool. (Whole foods market, pay scale and benefits ,2013)

Philippine Rice Farmers Socioeconomic Status Essay

Rice developers socio economical status better when they venture into other businesses. The economic and social status of Filipino rice farmers and their families has steadily improved during the conk decade, not because they depended on rice, but because they ventured into other activities that supplemented their income from rice. This was shown by a psychoanalyse conducted by the Socioeconomics Division of the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). The withdraw group, led by Divina Gracia Vergara, focused on trends transpiring in rice-based farm business firms and rice agricultures, and among farmer operators in 33 provinces for the last 10 years. This intense study captures the farmers image from 1996 to 2007, Vergara said. The study shows that the rice-based farm household income is increasing, as arrant(a) household income went up from P68,974.85 in 1996-97 to P127,799.95 in 2006-07. The finding is also self-consistent with the result showing that almost 60 per centum of the households be to a higher place poverty level (57 percent) in the 2006-07 period. Furthermore, the share of nonfarming activities as a initiation of income had steadily been increasing, as the study found that rice and rice-based farmers are right away engaged in other businesses, such as rubber production, forest craft, welding and work overseas. This finding implies an important question. The question in the unyielding run will be about the presence of household members who are willing to pursue rice farming in the future or dependence of rice-farm households on hired labor for the management of their farms, Vergara said. Aside from improve the status of rice-based households and increasing their income, Vergara also learned that the number of farmers owning rice land had been increasing by 10 percent for the last 10 years. Moreover, thither is also an increase in farmers yields regardless of season from 3.30 ton per hectare (t/ha) to 3.72 t/ha during the wet season, and 3.37 t/ha to 3.94 t/ha during the ironic season. Across three survey rounds, most villages are located in irrigated areas, and results show that irrigation is expanding from 60 percent to 66 percent.The current trend revealed by the study also suggests that highly educated persons are venturing into rice farming, although the mass is modestly educated or with elementary grooming only. There is a 2-percent increase in the number of farmers with at least a college education venturing into rice farming. In terms of organizing farmers, however, results show that more than 50 percent of the respondents are not affiliated with rice or rice-based organizations. Most of them hand over not also undergone training since 2004. Noting that half of the farmer-respondents have been farming for 20 years, Vergara also said farmers households are benefiting from the technologies and services that are being provided by the government. Despite the interventions, however, average yield s gained during the dry and wet seasons are still to a lower place the experimental and on-farm trial yields of 7-9 t/ha. Gaining insight from the study, Vergara and her coauthors recommended that training should be prolong to continuously update farmers skills and knowledge. She also stressed the need for the government to instigate farmers to form or join organizations as through organization, farmers can kitty resources and have easier access to government incentives. She also suggested the expansion of irrigation areas, as this creates a more favorable environment for rice farming in fussy and agriculture in general. To attract more people to be knotted in rice production, Vergara proposed that technologies lessening the drudgery of rice farming should continually be developed. It is important that the government continue to monitor the rice-based farm household to determine or approximate the impact of their interventions. This will also feast them enough knowledge on the direction of the policies that they would formulate to improve the countryside, Vergara said.

Aesthetics †the issue of the possible existence Essay

burke follows in the empirical tradition of Locke. He believes that each human knowledge comes out of impressions or sense experiences. We then take these simple bits of knowledge and combine them to resile much intricate ideas. Our desire is limited to use of the knowledge we educe from our impressions and ar, therefore, incap able of creating anything completely new. He says that our imagination either portrays pleasing images once again in the order we experienced them or reorders and combines these images of our experiences. bump off offers that humans cop pleasure from resemblances. Accurate imitations stimulate our minds. Burkes goal and briny concern is the issue of the possible existence of a standard or logic of taste.Burke is searching for certain principles that affect our imaginations in such a common and certain way that they could be a tooshie for the means of reasoning satisfactorily nearly them1. Burke states that these principles do exist. He says that ev en though it seems as though there is such a variety of taste, there is a standard that lies beneath the superficial wind of differences. All humans perceive external objects in the same way. We snuff it familiar with these external items by way of our natural powers the senses, imagination and judgment.The virtu tout ensembley natural understandings that we receive are quite standard, what appears free to one is light to any other and what is sweet to one is again sweet to a nonher. Burke shows that humans have a common agreement on these issues of alternative by giving examples of expressions taken from taste experiences such as A sour temper, bitter expressions sweet disposition, a sweet person1. Burke realizes that there are many people who act in shipway that would seem contradictory to these assertions, such as the likeence of the taste of tobacco plant over that of bread.These divergences from the natural pleasures and pains are a result of custom. They do not uphold the argument for diversity of taste, but quite cover for a differentiation between Natural and Acquired taste. A man grows to prefer the taste of tobacco to that of sugar by conditioning his palate from habit. It is a synthetic preference, however, and the man still understands that tobacco is not sweet and sugar is sweet. Also if a man finds sugar to be sour we do not say that his taste is different, instead we say that his taste is not functioning correctly. Burke writes that when talking about acquired taste one must(prenominal) consider the surrounding factors such as the specific habits and prejudices of a extra person. These customs and intolerances do not oppose the agreement of mankind, but instead mask it.This conformity among humanity does not exist only in terms of the palate it is quite the same in matters of sight. Light is more agreeable than darkness and summer and its conditions are more pleasant than pass and its conditions. Burke states that no man truly, na turally believes a goose to be more beautiful than a swan. To Burke sight is less candid to custom than the palate, however, change is applied. This applied change brings him to his next point about the palate. He says that these changes in palate, which make unpleasant flavors more pleasurable, are a result of frequent use combined with an agreeable effect.This affects humans in the way of substances such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, tea, and coffee. Burke writes in that location is in all men a sufficient remembrance of the original natural causes of pleasure, to enable them to bring all things offered to their senses to that standard and to regulate their feelings and opinions by it 1. Natural pleasures are still preferred to unaccustomed substances that induce agreeable effects. Someone who has fully grown to prefer opium to sugar would still prefer the taste of sugar to a drug that they do not have a habit with. There is a standard of pleasure of the senses in all humans. Bur ke explains imagination as our greatest source of pleasure and of pain.Since imagination is based on the senses then it too must have universal agreement among all men. The mind is much more disposed to picking up on resemblances than to finding differences in what we observe. Our imaginations are incapable of creating anything absolutely new so we must expand our stock through experience, and in resemblances we are able to find new images. We unite and accumulate and move forward with our feelings with likenesses rather then difference which cannot be placed.

Positive Psychology and Depression

unconditional psychological science in the Treatment of Major Depression Positive psychological science is a strengths-oriented, electro optimisticly focused approach to human behaviors and purposes that is relatively new-fangled to the general field of psychology. Previous schools of imagination had al airs focused on the abnormalities, weaknesses, and pathologies of populate. Positive psychology is an exceptionally new branch of psychology and aims at making deportment more than(prenominal) fulfilling, enjoyable, and happy instead of just adequate they wish to promote psychic health and wellspring-being instead of and treating disorders.This research paper will address the roles that hope, gratitude, liberateness, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy play in peerless(prenominal)s life-time, and how these char spelleristics cease be utilized in a way to maximize wizs imperious affect. One of the most mutual mood disorders is clinical drop-off. Depressi on comes in m both fashions and there be in addition different depressive disorders such as subject area depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder. (NIMH, 2009) For the sake of this paper, major(ip) depression will be examined.Related article Approaches to Promoting WellbeingSymptoms of a major depressive episode include touch perceptions of sadness or un delight, irrit qualification or frustration, blemish of occupy or pleasure in normal activities, reduced gender drive, insomnia or excessive sleeping, changes in appetite, agitation or restlessness, angry outbursts, slowed opinion or speaking, fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy, trouble thinking or concentrating, frequent thoughts of goal or dying including suicide, crying spells for no apparent reason, and unexplained sensible problems such as pain (Mayo Clinic, 2012).One does non countenance to have all one of these symptoms, they essential have at least five symptoms, they must persist for at least two hebdomads, symptoms cannot be caused due to drug or alcohol consumption, are not caused by bereavement or last longer than two months, and they must cause a monu mental amount of impairment in the soulfulnesss every sidereal daytime life functioning (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence roll of 11. 2 pct in young adults with 3. 3 part of those cases deemed severe, and a twelve month prevalence rate of 6. percent in adults with 30. 4 percent of those cases diagnosed as severe. wad ages eighteen to twenty-nine are seventy percent more in all likelihood to have escortd depression compared to those over the age of six-spotty, people between thirty to forty-four years doddery were 120 percent more likely, and forty-five to fifty-nine year olds were cytosine percent more likely. Women are seventy percent more likely than their male counterparts to experience depression during their lifetime and whites are forty percent more likely than blac ks to experience depression.Compared to 2 percent or less for most some other disorders, major depression is quite common. (NIMH, 2009) Positive psychology interventions in cases of major depression focus on change magnitude supportive emotions, supreme experiences, subjective well-being, and safe engagements. This differs from traditional interventions by not charge on the depressive, ostracise symptoms and instead trying to focus on the wide-cut aspects of ones life. Positive psychologists do not ignore the accompaniment that mental illnesses are abnormal and the fact that things do go vituperate in peoples cognizes.Instead, they want to incur a closer look at the good things that happen in peoples lives and what makes and keeps people content or happy. In one contract, conducted by Seligman et al, domineering(p) psychotherapy practice sessions delivered through the internet were representn to calm down the symptoms of depression for a minimum of six months where as traditional treatments lasted less than one week. In subjects suffering from severe depression, reduction in mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms was notice.It was excessively observed that subjects who had been suffering from major depressive disorder and underwent commanding psychotherapy had a high reduction in symptoms than those who underwent traditional treatments and those who underwent traditional treatments combined with medications. The hypothesis of this study stated that depression can be treated payoffively not single by reducing its negative symptoms, but too by at present and primarily building positive emotions, character strengths, and meaning. It is executable that directly building these positive resources may alike buffer against their approaching reoccurrence. (Seligman et, al. , 2006) Logically, major depression would be well treated when using a positive psychology oriented approach. People who suffer from depression experience anhedonia an sof tness to experience pleasure in activities which it is usually produced. They lack positive affect, show a lack of engagement in meaningful activities, lack of feeling of purpose, and lack of feeling of meaning. These people no longer find any interest in things such as sex, food, bonding with friends, favorite past times times, and work. (Brynie, 2009) A study by Barnaby D.Dunn, published in July of 2012 similarly form that people suffering from depression in like manner do not experience anticipation or recognize positive emotions the way those unaffected do. (Dunn, 2012) The Merriam-Webster lexicon defines anticipation as 1 b. the act of looking forward oddly enjoyable expectation. 2 a mental attitude that influences a afterwards response. (Merriam-Webster, 2012) From this, it is understood that people suffering from depression, and thereof anhedonia, not only canvas out out on the pleasure normally experienced during enjoyable activities, they also do not even look fo rward to any of these pleasurable activities.It is as if they do not see the possibility of an experience producing positive outcomes. Positive psychology, on the other hand, is primarily focused on creating and building-upon positive emotions, serve welling people find meaning in their everyday lives, and promoting an overall increase in mental health. Positive psychology has its roots in self-efficacy, optimism, and hope. Self-efficacy is the belief that you have the skills and self-control necessary to achieve the goals you set for yourself.This is a learned way of thinking, predicted by previous successes, observing others with high levels of self-efficacy, the capacity to imagine oneself achieving a successful outcome, verbal persuasion by other strong and trustworthy single(a)s, and major power to control negative emotions. Optimism is a persons functionency to look at a situation from the top hat possible point of pot, or too expect the trump out possible outcome i n any given situation (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Optimism can be predicted by a childhood environment which provided safety, coherence, secure attachments, and there is also a genetic component to optimism.Television, however, is one of the main culprits in promoting pessimism the enemy of optimism. The final main building block of positive psychology is hope. trust is the combination of the belief that one can r from individually one his or her goals and has the ability to find alternate routes to these goals should they be presented with adversity. (Snyder, 2011) Key steps and aspects of combating major depression with positive psychology were outlined by Seligman, Rashid, and Parks in their 2006 article.Since depression is associated with a lack of positive realizations in ones life, leaf nodes were asked to take steps to help them recognize their signature tune strengths, ways to utilize these signature strengths, good things that happen to them every day, things and people in their lives that they are thankful for, and also to forgive others and themselves for past transgressions. To help clients recognize their signature strengths as well as help them to see the way they view themselves, clients were instructed to drop a line stories describing what they believe to be their character strengths.The client and therapist discuss how stoicism and the absence of positive emotions do nothing but maintain the pedal of depressive episodes. Next, clients were instructed to take the VIA-IS strengths finding questionnaire and then use those results in an assignment stating how they could best utilize their strengths to improve their everyday lives. Afterwards, clients were to recall past situations in which they have successfully used their identified strengths to their advantage. Pleasure, engagement, and meaning as pathways to happiness are discussed during the clients session and their role in overcoming depression is outlined. all of these steps help l ead to the realization of the client that they have strengths that are curious to themselves, they have control over situations that happen to them, and they are not helpless. (Seligman, 2006) The contiguous set of steps focuses mainly on engagement. Clients were asked to keep Blessings Journals in which they put down at least three good things which happened to them each day. They are also encouraged to bring through about three bad things that have happened to them and to go into depth about their emotions surrounding these events and how the events influenced their depression.The therapist will inform the client of the ways in which retaining negative feelings such as anger and virulence can compound the effects of depression and prevent recovery. Clients were encouraged to colloquy about negative experiences and vent about these experiences rather than ruminate on them. Clients were then to write at least one forgiveness garner. They differentiate an incident with a wrong -doing, the emotions experienced along with the event, and they also promise to forgive to transgressor even if it was himself or herself. Seligman et al, 2006) Forgiveness is a freeing from a negative attachment to the source that has transgressed against a person. There is less desire to fend off the person or seek revenge, and an increase in positive feelings or activitys towards the individual. There is a realistic assessment of the harm through with(p), an acknowledgement of the culprits responsibility, a cancelation of debt between the victim and perpetrator, and then a self-removal from the division of victim.Forgiveness is important in a persons life because it helps to bypass the cycle of violence when one person is harmed and seeks revenge and then the initial transgressor seeks revenge as well which initiates and maintains said cycle of violence. When a person displays a willingness to forgive others, it is not only beneficial to that person, but also to all of the people surrounding said incident. It produces positive feelings as well as an inclination to also be forgiving in future situations. This is a form of positive role modeling between peers. Snyder, 2011) another(prenominal) important step is expressing gratitude. Clients are encouraged to express their gratitude to someone they neer properly or fully thanked either in person, through a letter, or via telephone conversation. (Miller, 2008) One way gratitude is experienced is when another individual acts in a way that is costly to himself or herself, provides value to the recipient, and was done intentionally. Another way gratitude can be experienced is when someone survives a catastrophic event, a threat to his or her health, or a flagitious situation.Gratitude is a highly valued character trait in some cultures due to its beneficial nature and tendency to increase a persons tendency to perform altruistic tasks. Those who are high in gratitude are generally less concerned with mate rial goods, more spiritual, more satisfied with life, and more empathetic. (Snyder, 2011) Using the concept of primary ginmill, psychologists can help their clients to prevent depressive symptoms from occurring in the first place, or lessen the severity of depressive symptoms during the contiguous depressive episode.Some positive psychology interventions in Seligman, Rashid, and Parks 2006 study that dealt with primary legal community were being more physically active, favorableizing with more people or more often with people who were already friends, engaging in meaningful work such as volunteering and helping the less fortunate, bonding more with loved ones and forming deeper connections, sinister expectations of oneself and others, and making ones own happiness a priority.In the equivalent study, Seligman and his fellow researchers randomly assigned six nose candy volunteers to one of six intervention activities online. Five of these activities were from a more positive ps ychology focused list of exercises, and one was a placebo. The placebo exercise need participants to write down their earliest memories every night for a week which had only temporary effects on that group. The volunteers assigned to groups 1, 2, and 4 showed pointedly lower depressive symptoms and much higher(prenominal) levels of happiness when compared to the lacebo and two other control-like groups. The volunteers in the successful group also had result which lasted at least six months whereas the people in the other groups had either no results, or results that were only fleeting. (Seligman et al, 2006) Group 1 was required to take the VIA-IS strengths questionnaire and then considers ways in which they could utilize their results to help them in their everyday lives. Group 2 had to write down at least three good things that had happened to them that day and why they thought these things had happened to them.Group 4 had to conduct a gratitude visit, much like the one previousl y mentioned, in which they composed a letter of thanks to someone who had positively impacted their life in some way, shape, or form but they had never fully thanked and then read said letter either in person or over the phone. The two control-like groups assignments were to take a strengths test questionnaire alone, or to write an essay about themselves in a moment when they were at their best. Seligman et al, 2006) These last findings show that the positive psychology activities used in the Seligman et al study can also be used as a form of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention addresses a problem after it has already appeared just as these online participants were already showing signs of extreme depression. After participating in the three blessings per day exercise their depression scores went down showing that this exercise not only could help prevent depressive episode as previously shown, it could also lessen a depressive episode that had already begun.As a spin-off fro m this study a website, www. reflectivehappiness. com was created. This was a social website community centered on positive psychology. New exercises and interventions were posted each month, a book club was formed, a news programletter was published and sent out, and a discussion board dedicated to positive psychology. During the first month of operations, it was found that fifty of the sites subscribers who took pretests for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, scored in the upchuck that would qualify as extremely depressed.After completing the exercise involving recording three blessings each day for two weeks, the average score for this group of people dropped from 33. 9, to 16. 9. This showed that ninety-four percent of these people were less depressed and fell from the extremely depressed range to the mildly to moderately depressed range. This website is no longer functioning the same way, it has moved to a mobile network which only works on iPhones and now runs under the URL www. happiness. com. Another important part of positive psychology and the ability of a person to remain positive, optimistic, and hopeful is resiliency.Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity and to successfully adapt to the demands of stressful situations (Tugade et al, 2004). People who are seen as resilient are more likely to be expound as self-efficacious, confident, and determined and can also be judge to generate a more positive self-talk, boost their self-image, and promote self-agency (Mak et al, 2011). All of these characteristics are those of someone with a very positive outlook on life as well as a positive view of themselves.These people show a much lower susceptibility to mental disorders and behavioral problems such as depression, anxiety, violence, and substance abuse (Lillehoj et al, 2004). People who are more resilient also show more optimism and a higher level of hope when thinking about the future. The broaden-and-build t heory of positive emotions suggests that positive emotions expand what an individual feels like doing at any given time. (Snyder, 2011) This is referred to by Fredrickson as a broadening of ones thought-action repertoire.Emotions such as joy, interest, contentment, pride, and love all have the ability to expand you potential action options. Joy can create more creative, playful behaviors while interest creates the desire to explore, expand, and experience new things. One of the most important in positive psychology is pride. Pride creates the desire to share good news and envision oneself doing even bigger and better things. The opposite happens in any life threatening situation your thought-action choices narrow to provide a littler list of options to try to conduct a speedy, potentially life-saving choice. Frederickson, 2001) This research proves that when a person is feeling depressed and are lacking the positive emotions described above, they do not have an expanded thought-acti on repertoire and therefore do not see all of the possible paths to their goals which, in turn, leads to feelings of hopelessness and a lack of self-efficacy. Other health benefits of promoting positive emotions are increased laughter, decrease flavor disease, increased longevity, positive turned on(p) disclosure, and overall increased psychological health.Laughter has been proven to be a cyclical cause and effect of positive emotions which in turn improves immune system functioning, and help maintain a stable positive emotional state. Elderly people who had been hospitalized for an incident involving heart disease and kept up a positive attitude had a much lower readmission rate than those who displayed a negative outlook. Also, people who tend to be more positive throughout their lives, participate in emotional disclosure, and upholding an optimistic and hopeful outlook have a propensity to live longer than those who did not.Positive emotions and an expanded thought-action repe rtoire not only help people emotionally avoid depression, they also help people to be more physically active and thus further avoid depressive symptoms. The reasons why exercise helps to alleviate depressive symptoms is not completely understood, but it is believed to happen on a few different levels. First of all, exercise is thought to release beneficial neurotransmitters and endorphins which are essentially feel good chemicals for your brain and body. These chemicals are thought to activate the opioid receptors in the brain creating feelings of happiness and optimism.Another way exercise is thought to help create positive emotions in those who exercise is by lowering certain chemicals released by the immune system which can also preserve depressive feelings. Finally, exercise increases body temperature which is thought to have a calming effect on individuals. The more direct, less scientific ways that exercise can help people avoid depression are by playacting as a distraction from everyday life and taking a persons mind off of things, increasing social interactions and therefore increasing positive interactions, and improving physical appearance and thus increasing confidence. Mayo Clinic, 2011) A study also found that speed go for thirty five minutes per day for five days each week, or sixty minutes per day three times each week had a significant effect on decreasing depression. (Harvard medical School, 2009) All in all, having a positive outlook on life can be beneficial to ones life in countless ways. The study of positive psychology helps people to take steps towards developing better skills to take advantage of their ability to think positively, act positively, and avoid or decrease their depression.Through a few very primary steps, such as gratitude letters, blessings journal keeping, and skills and strengths assessments, one can increase their good sense of self efficacy, increase resilience, increase their sense of hope, and by doing this decr ease major depressive symptoms. Works Cited American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , text rev. ). Washington, DC Author. Anticipation. 2012. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/anticipationBrynie, F. (2009). Depression and Anhedonia. Brain Sense. celestial latitude 2009. Dunn, B. D. (2012). Helping Depressed Clients Reconnect to Positive Emotion Experience Current Insights and afterlife Directions. Clinical psychological science & Psychotherapy, 19(4), 326-340. Frederickson, B. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. Harvard Medical School. (2009). cypher and Depression. Retrieved from http//www. health. harvard. edu/newsweek/Exercise-and-Depression-report-excerpt. tm Lillehoj, C. , Trudeau, L. , Spoth, R. , & Wickrama, K. (2004). Internalizi ng, social competence, and substance initiation influence of gender moderation and a term of enlistment intervention. Substance Use & Misuse, 39(6), 963-991. Mak, W. S. , Ng, I. W. , & Wong, C. Y. (2011). Resilience Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610-617. doi10. 1037/a0025195 Mayo Clinic staff. (2011, October 1). Depression and Anxiety Exercise eases symptoms. Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. om/health/depression-and-exercise/MH00043 Mayo Clinic staff. (2012, February 12). Symptoms. Depression (major depression). Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/depression/DS00175/DSECTION=symptoms Miller, M. (2008, June 16). Positive Psychology Techniques for Depression. Retrieved from http//health. gather. com/viewArticle. action? articleId=281474977374787 National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Major Depressive Order Among Adults. (DHHS payoff No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC U. S. Government Printing Office. Optimism. 2012.In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/optimism Seligman, M. , Rashid, T. , Parks, A. (2006). Positive Psychotherapy. American Psychologist. November 2006, 774 788. Snyder, C. (2011). Positive psychology the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, atomic number 20 SAGE. Tugade, M. Frederickson, B. Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health. Coping & Health. 1161 1190.

Father of Science Fiction: H. G. Wells

H. G. rise is the True Father of acquisition Fiction At the very end of the Victorian Era, there emerged a cosmos of literature the likes of which the world had never before seen. Some fill out him best as an English saucyist, though close to of his pees were not sassys. Some call him a political and hearty commentator, due to the didactical accounts in more of his blends. Due to inclusion of the social and natural attainments in his whole kit and caboodle, he is besides cognize as a popularizer of apprehension.His cultism to the evolvement and entrapment of hereafter studies as a acquisition approximately certainly garnered him the written report as an early futurist. His pervasive influence in the development of the comprehension assembly literary genre is indisputable. However it was his masterful distort together of futurism and speculative prevarication into a single body of work dedicated to the in store(predicate) day of mankind that earns H. G. swell the title of The Father of cognizance Fiction. Herbert George surface was born in Bromely, Kent, England in September of 1866, the countersign of a maid and a professional cricketer.When he was eight over-the-hill age old surface broke his leg and began immortaliseing library ledgers to turn over the season, stimulating his desire to spell. He attended a number of schools throughout his early life, acquiring an xtensive background in physics, astronomy, and chemistry. He even hire biology under Thomas Henry Huxley at the Royal College of Science, acquiring extensive knowledge in the theories of evolution. Joining the school Debating social club nurtured his engage toward social issues and re stamp.well considered himself a socialist and was a member of the Fabian Society that included other such notable members as George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf. At that clipping he also founded The Science School Journal, allowing him a forum to develop his pen for li terature, expressing his iews on familiarity and perfecting his burgeoning prevarication. After doing some teaching, he in conclusion graduated from The University of London with a Bachelors of Science in zoology. His prolific opus c atomic number 18er that followed included hundreds of works over the span of fifty years.His genius for combining the possibilities of science and engine room in the form of sham stories that became know as science fictionalization or as the genre was cognize in Britain at the time, the scientific romance. Science fiction as a modern literary genre is distinguished by its affair of real cientific estimates and concepts to form a layer that is plausible within a futuristic or alternative-world setting. The imaginative elements of science fiction ar generally possible within the realm of scientific theory and fact.This differentiates science fiction from other speculative genres such as fantasy and horror in that those works are not concern ed with scientific and techno synthetical possibility. however Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1818), though certainly innovative in using themes of science fiction, is more accurately classified as a horror refreshed. execration and fantasy genres also delineate rom science fiction in that they include magical and supernatural elements that are absent from the realistic and logical science fiction genre.Though some story elements of sci-fi stinkpot be rigorously imaginary, accurate depictions of science and technology are employ to tormulate realistic conjectures ot the tuture, or even alternative timelines of the present or past. What distinguishes H. G. rise from earlier authors who delve into themes of modern science fiction is that he studied science as a uncreated disciplinary field and phthisis his knowledge in a literary fashion, concentrateing on scientific and expert plausibility. on the whole of Wells scientific romances contain realistic elements that are based o n apply scientific methodology and knowledge.Some of these include such famous works as The measure utensil (1895), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). Though Wells is considered the Father of Science Fiction, it is often argued that Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is the first work that could be considered on-key science fiction. Many of the innovative themes used by Mary Shelley unquestionably fall into the realm of modern science fiction. never before had any story been written some a man of science (the term scientist was not yet coined and would not be until 1834) that performs experiments in a laboratory.Written as a response to the recent Industrial Revolution, Shelley uses rattling(a) scientific innovations to explore the moral and ethical consequences of technology, a whatchamacallit used by nearly all modern science fiction writers, including Wells. However, irrelevant Wells, Shelleys works include precious little in the way of factual scientific fact or theory, leaving the audience to speculate about their plausibility. Her education, though broad and advanced for a oman of the Romantic era, was in literary studies and included no instruction in the natural or personal sciences.Her sources were limited to discussions with her peers of earlyl 9th one C experiments in vivisection and galvanism, the latter of which is an antiquated term for the stimulant of muscles by electric current, apply in the case of Frankenstein to the reanimation of dead tissue. Her scientific education is in contrast to Wells, who had an extensive educational background in the sciences. Although Shelleys science is neither plausible nor the main focus of her story, its ealistic genius do Frankenstein truly frightening to her audience, which was her intention in using such scientific elements.Shelley had originally conceived the work as a horror story, thus her themes of science fiction become secondary to the theme of horror as the focus of the work. She inspired the archetype of the monster that followed in literature and film. Though Shelleys idea of using science merged with fiction was innovative for the time and apply by later writers (including Wells, and not for another 80 years), Frankensteins designation as science fiction remains ncillary to that as a landmark novel of the horror genre.The title of The Father of Science Fiction has also been applied to popular French writer Jules Verne, but is more accurately applied to H. G. Wells. While certainly a brilliant and talented writer that hard influenced science fiction as a genre of literature, Vernes novels can good be disputed as works of true science fiction. very much like Shelleys Frankenstein, the works of Verne contain elements and themes that are considered scientific but abetter _or_ abettor to his primary literary theme.Much attention is given to Vernes Voyages Extraordinaires, a series of cardinal stories hich include such famous works as Journey t o the snapper of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), and Twenty Thousand Leagues under the sea (1869). At the time of their publication, the technological advancements present in Vernes works had been extrapolated by him to aid in his fantastic voyages, but would soon atter become scientific realities. This earned him the reputation ot being a technological prophet, a reputation also held by Wells.Some of his prophecies that came true include the electric submarine, the helicopter, and a rocket engine to carry passengers to the moon. Although Vernes scientific prophecies were at times more grounded in honesty than those of Wells, they were dedicate almost primarily in the area of transportation, unlike Wells, whose prophecies were made in multiple areas of science. The argument can be made that Verne himself inspired these technological advancements. Many pioneering submarine, aviation and rocketry innovators have credited Verne as the enthusiasm for their suc cessful inventions. However, Jules Verne was in no way a scientist. He was better as a lawyer and studied geography, the latter of which inspired him to write his stories of adventure and travel. Verne argued incessantly that his stories were not meant to be read scientifically, and even express l do not in any way let as a scientist2. The science he did use in his stories was strong researched Verne often spent time in the company of the best coeval scientists of his day, consulting them on possibilities of future(a) technology that he could realistically yet unbelievably apply to his adventure stories.While not all science fiction writers are scientists, the case of whether Verne or Wells is The Father of Science Fiction can favor Wells as the true Father when its argued hat Wells scientific educational background gives him credibility and authority. His use of scientific elements as the primary theme of his works (unlike Verne, whose science was used as an auxiliary to the theme of adventure) makes him more deserving of the title. Also, Vernes title of technological prophet passed to Wells because of his fealty not Just to science but also the serious exploration and inquiry of the future.In 1901, H. G. Wells wrote a book called Anticipations of the Reactions of Mechanical and Scientific go along upon Human Life and Thought which is onsidered the first comprehensive and widely read survey of future developments in the short history of predictive piece of music3. Wells was not the first person to take seriously the study of the future, but rather he had access to a vast occur of early speculative writings, including some utopian novels that explored the future state of society, that he combined into a single body of work.With the development of scientific apprehension during the 18th and 19th centuries and the movement of scholars away from religious apocalyptic future inquiry, scholarly thinking and literature that ealt with general human progre ss instead of eschatology began to emerge. The development of social sciences that studied human interaction showed predictive causality when applied to how future society might develop. Many 19th century novelists such as William Morris synthesized sociology with speculative fiction perfecting the utopian novel that gives an determine of an ideal society set in the future.Earlier works inherited by Wells that included futurist themes often had a different affair than the actual scientific study of the future such as exploring perfection and nterpreting history. In Anticipations, all the early tendencies toward future thought were combined by Wells into the first volume of work that gave complete attention to futurist ideas and systematically explored the future. Like the works of Verne, Anticipations investigates the future of transportation, accurately predicting major highways and interstates as well as the prevalence of motor vehicles.He accurately predicts the rise ot sub urb and huge metropolises as an enormous unbroken sprawls of middle-class life. The book also dwells extensively on the future of world rder and government, even predicting the formation of the European Union. After the publication of the book, the Royal Institution requested a confabulate on future study, which he published under the name The denudation of the Future (1902). The lecture calls for a whole new science to establish an ordered and working vision of the future, and is known to this day to be the nascence of future studies.Wells continued this theme with other works dedicated to the future such as A modern Utopia 1905), The Future in the States (1906), What is Coming? (1916), A Year of Prophesying (1925), The Fate of Homo Sapiens (1939) and many, many more. His work The Shape of Things to Come (1933) is a fictional outline of future history, the title a phrase coined by Wells that has been used multitudinous times and is even so used today. The term foresight used in Anticipations was also coined by Wells.Wells other accurate future predictions include lasers, cellphone phones, the Internet, and the atomic bomb (a phrase he used in his book The World Set Free 1914 to describe the bombs that would not be actual until the 1930s). The attention that Wells gave to surveying the future not nly accomplished future studies as a legitimate science, but also helped firmly established future thought as a major theme of science fiction. forwards Wells published Anticipations, he published his first and most well-known novel The prison term Machine (1895).The story features a scientist known only as The Time Traveler who built a device that can move through time. This device is known as a time machine, a term coined by Wells and still used to this day in reference to such a device. The Time Traveler Journeys forward in time almost 800,000 years and meets a peaceful society of child-like humans known as the Eloi. He also meets the frightening race of Morlocks that live underground and are keepers of the technology that strive the above-ground serenity.The Time Traveler also soon learns that the Morlocks feed on the Eloi, and that their technology is used to keep the Eloi passive. He comes to the conclusion that the ii races are a product of Darwinian evolution and the large gap between the social classes of British society. He speculates that the Eloi were once the leisure class, and due to their conquest of nature with technology they have become feeble in an environment where intuition and strength are no onger necessary for survival. He also speculates that the Morlocks are descendants of the oppressed working class.This application of Darwins theories as a literary motif echoes Wells education under Huxley who was known as Darwins Bulldog. Before publication of The Time Machine, the premise of time travel as a plot device had been used very little. There were some old folk tales and less than a handful of modern fictiona l works that had included time travel. The idea was certainly popularized by Wells and considered the intensity of all later science fiction works that feature time travel. Like Anticipations, it also established time settings in the future as a major element of science fiction.Wells is the first author to use modern science fiction elements to compose social and political commentary. The Time Machine famously illustrates the possible future consequences of a stratified society that becomes besides dependent on technology and will be thing to a form of extreme social Darwinism. In The War of the Worlds, Wells examines Victorian attitudes and values. In his story of Martians attempting to colonize Earth and exterminate humans, Wells provides an imaginative vehicle tor ommentary on British Imperialism.Wells also explores morality and technological ethics, specifically within the realm of vivisection and genetic engineering in his novel The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896). The use of sc ience in a fictional setting to make a didactic point is a reoccurring theme in Wells scientific romances. It has since then became a major literary device in modern science fiction works to explore the impact of technology on society and humanity. In his best-known and most influential work, 2001 A shoes Odyssey (1968), British author Arthur C.Clarke explores the moral and hilosophical implications surrounding technology and artificial intelligence, evolution, and outsider life. Clarke was strongly influenced by Wells he was even vice chairwoman of the H. G. Wells Society. The British author C. S. Lewis was a champion of science fiction that is philosophically reflective and includes a moral point. He created his Cosmic Trilogy as a direct influence by H. G. Wells, citing his novel The First men in the Moon (1901) as the best sort of science fiction I have read4.Out of the Silent Planet (1938), the first book in Lewis trilogy, is so similar to The First Men in the Moon that the opening move age says Certain slighting references to earlier stories of this type which will be found in the following pages have been put there for strictly dramatic purposes. The author would be sorry if any reader suppositional he was too stupid to have enjoyed Mr. H. G. Wells fantasies or too ungrateful to acknowledge his debt to them. 5 Wells influence on science fiction extends to many more authors, including British science fiction author Olaf Stapledon.Stapledon himself was a heavily influential writer, contributing many ideas to the genre of science fiction. Stapledon and Wells orresponded for over a decade, both creating ideas together and borrowing from each other. In his book The Billion Year Spree, Brian Aldiss calls Stapledon the greatest of Wells followers6. Wells science fictional reach extended beyond the sphere of British authors and diffused apace to America, where his influence can be seen in such notable science fiction authors as Isaac Asimov and Robert H einlein.During the 19th and 20th centuries, when the idea of the utopia as story element began to have a prominent place in literature, Wells himself wrote a number of utopian novels such as A Modern Utopia (1905) and Men Like Gods (1923). Wells progresses the idea of the utopia with his novel The Time Machine by turning the theme into an anti-utopia point of view. He illustrates the seemingly utopian society of the Eloi, and upon the discovery of the violent Morlocks, the world transforms into a horrifying dystopia.In his novel When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) about a man who falls asleep for two hundred years and wakes up in the future, Wells gives definitive form to the dystopia as a science fiction theme. This theme was taken up by later authors, most notably the British authors George Orwell and Aldous Huxley in their amous novels nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and Brave New World (1932) respectively. These two novels have been explicitly touted by their authors as directly influence d by the works of Wells, and have in turn influenced many other authors, works, philosophers, thinkers, and even nations and governments.The achievement of H. G. Wells in the development of science fiction as a respected and classic literary genre is unquestionable. His background as a scientist combined with his hotshot queries on futuristic ideas provided a springboard into an illustrious and intluential literary go His creative inventions ot science fiction themes such as the time travel, estrange invasions, and invisible men have taken their place as staples of sci-fi literature.This, along with his numerous coined terms, technological prescience and populizing of proto-science fiction themes into mainstream literature designate Wells as the most important science fiction writer the genre has ever seen. And when his pervasive influence on future science fiction writers is regarded along with his other contributions, the only conclusion that remains is that H. G. Wells is the true Father of Science Fiction. Works Cited Wells, H. G. Anticipations of the Reactions of Mechanical and Scientific proficiency upon Human Life and Thought.

Douglasian Cultural Model in Indian Context Essay

IntroductionTodays sphere is being dominated by daily innovations in technology and increase globalization which helps organizations to spread and to operate globall(a)y in a do way. Every organisation operating at a global take is trying to improve their financial profits. The success of such organizations greatly depends on their workforce and their decision-making capabilities. Many times the goodity of such decisions throw away been questi nonpareild because of the profit set strategies of these organizations.As Nobel Prize winner economist Milton Friedman quotes, An executives responsibility generally will be to make as much coin as possible while conforming to their basic rules of the society, both those substantiate in law and those embodied in respectable custom. The decision-making lick and and so respectableity of the decisions in such organisations is greatly influenced by the close of the workforce. Bartels (1967) was one of the start-off to note the impor tance of the role of culture in good decision-making. there are contrastive studies which discuss the diversity of ethical decision-making based on different perspective for example, Vitell, Nwachukwu and Barnes, 1993 discuss the effect of culture on ethical decision-making with the help of Hofsteds typology while Patel and Schaefer, 2009 discuss the same with the help of Douglasian ethnical theory (CT) perspective in the Indian stage setting.SummaryPatel and Schaefers name discusses the impact of culture on ethical decision-making from a Douglasian Cultural possible action (CT) perspective. It explains the dynamic ethical behaviour of the individual with quad solidarities of CT. The Article excessively discusses the billet ethical motive in the Indian context. Authors argue that applying stable origination of culture to the process of ethical decision-making in business results in some(prenominal) problems. The Authors propose CT as an alternating(a) exemplificat ion to these static innovations to suspend these problems. The Article says that every social system is ethically plural because of the social movement of all four solidarities together. An Individual from different solidarities may behave a different perception of an issues clean intensity which may lead to different levels of moral awareness and hence to different moral judgements. The Article explores the dynamicity and diversity of ethical decision-making in business using the CT framework within the Indian context with examples of Amul, SEWA, Tata Steel, ONGC and Reliance.StrengthsThis denomination offers an alternative woo of CT stating the impact of culture on ethical decision-making process in business. Authors argue that applying the static conception of culture to the business ethics results in different problems interchangeable field of study stereotyping, focus on only national heathenish aspect ignoring the some other(prenominal) aspects and broad generalis ation of culture at national level. This obligate strongly supports the scholars who challenge the essentialist culture approach like Hofstedian framework. Singh (1990) and Bosland (1985a) have shown that it is possible to have different scores on the four Hofstedian dimensions within the same hoidenish. Hence there is possibility of difference in ethical behaviour within the same country. The Authors in any case talk about the same ethical dynamicity in behaviour.The article powerfully illustrates the diversity in business ethics within Indian context using CT model. The Article talks about the different cultural patterns existing in same corporation at same time. This article supports the contestation by Sathe (1985) which says that although, the term corporate culture is used as if organisations have a monolithic culture, most companies have more than one set of beliefs influencing the behaviour of employees.The Article also supports the Thompsons (1997 a-c) theory who argue s that same individual could be a member of different solidarities in different contexts which explains the different ethical behaviour of an individual at a different social context. as well the article studies the ethical practices of different types of companies and business entities to understand the business ethics beyond large private corporations with respect to all the four solidarities of CT. The article debates about the dynamicity of ethical decision-making by citing the examples of all the solidarities existing in different Indian corporations. Also it talks over about the historical and philosophic background for the adoption of different ethical strategies by different corporations.WeaknessesThe article explains the process of ethical decision-making in business from a Douglasian Cultural surmise perspective only. The article does not identify many other detailors beyond culture that may account for differences in work behaviour across nations. Scholars like Parbo teeah and Cullen (2003) have suggested the need to include noncultural factors to isolate the influence of culture on ethical behaviour. Also many scholars have talked about the other personal characteristics like education, age, sex and faith that affect the ethical decision-making only if they have not put any light on this naval division in the article. tally to Kracher, Chatterjee and Lundquist, education plays an important and positive role in ones ethical decision-making. Also Singhapakdi et al. JBE (1996) talk about the human relationship between ethical sensitivity and age being significantly positive.Ameen, et al., (1996) suggests that ethical judgments vary according to gender, where females have historically been more ethical equated to males. According to Singhapakdi et al JBE (2000), there is a positive relationship between religion and perception of an ethical problem. The article has not mentioned all these perspectives while considering the process of ethical decision-making. Patel and Schaefer explained the ethical behaviour in Indian business context with the help of CT and argue that as CT is not hold in its scope of application, what is true for one country should also be true for other countries. This contradicts the findings of the researchers like Tsui which states The major contexts that may separate one nation from another include the physical, historical, political, economic, social, and cultural. This may cause an individual from another country to behave differently in the same context compare to individual in India.My standpointThe research article applies CT model to explain the ethical decision-making process in business within Indian context which allows us to look beyond static and limited conception of national culture. The authors have explained the ethical behaviours using examples of different Indian business entities. Since India is one of the largest growing economies, this research paper will be serviceable in p roviding the insights of the ethical practices in India. In my stamp, the authors have raised validated questions about the studies that link static conceptions of the culture to the business ethics. The authors have successfully associated dynamicity in ethical behaviours with the different cultural patterns as per CT which proves the organism of all the four solidarities in every social system. Paper also gives us insights about how all the solidarities co-exist and try to dominate each other. The Authors explain it in an Indian context citing examples for each solidarity.Moreover, authors have highlighted the important fact that managers operating under different cultural patterns may perceive and insure to information about moral issues differently which results in different ethical behaviours. The article considered the very important factors of history and politics that may have influenced while discussing dynamicity of ethical behaviours within Indian context. I am of the opinion that the Douglasian cultural theory is not sufficient to judge the ethical behaviour in business. There are many other factors like education, age, gender and religion which hold a significant role in the decision-making process. The authors have failed to consider these factors. I believe the consideration of the above mentioned factors would have made this research work more reliable. Also I disagree with the authors argument of what is true for India should also be true for other countries since every country has a different political, economical, cultural and physical background.ConclusionTaran Patel and Anja Schaefer have criticized the static and limited conception of culture to ethical decision-making in business. They have provided the alternative approach of Douglasian cultural theory to explain the dynamicity and diversity in ethical behaviours with the help of examples from business entities in India. The Authors advocate that the managers should be sensitive to t he beliefs of all the four solidarities to be more effective. The Authors also agree that more existential and theoretical work is needed to strengthen the relationship between the cultural patterns and business ethics.ReferencesBartels, R. 1967, A Model for moral philosophy in Marketing, ledger of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 20-26Vitell S, Nwachukwu S and Barnes J. 1993, The Effects of Culture on honourable Decision-Making An Application of Hofstedes Typology, daybook of business enterprise Ethics,Vol. 12, No. 10 (Oct., 1993), pp. 753-760Hofstede, G. 1980. (Revised in 1984). Cultures Consequences International Differences in Work-related value. Sage Publications.Singh, J. 1990. Managing Culture and Work-related Values in India. Organization Studies, 11(1) 75-101Bosland, N. 1985a.An evaluation of Replication Studies using the Values evaluate Module.Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation, Rijks-universiteit Limburg Working Paper 85-2, MaastrichtS athe, V. (1985), Culture and Related incorporate Realities, Irwin, Homewood, IL.Thompson, M. 1997a, Rewriting the Precepts of PolicyAnalysis, in M. Thompson and R. J. Ellis (eds.),Culture Matters Essays in Honour of Aaron Wildavsky(Westview Press, Boulder, CO).Thompson, M. 1997b, Cultural Theory and TechnologyAssessment, in F. Fischer and M. Hajer (eds.),Living with Nature Environmental Discourse and Cultural Politics (Oxford University Press, Oxford).Thompson, M. 1997c, Cultural Theory and IntegratedAssessment,EnvironmentalModelling and Assessment 2,139150.Kracher, B., A. Chatterjee and A. R. Lundquist 2002, Factors Related to the Cognitive Moral Development of line of business Students and Business Professionals in India and the United States Nationality, Education, Sex and Gender, Journal of Business Ethics 35(4), 255268Parboteeah, K. P., & Cullen, J. B. 2003. Social institutions and work centrality Explorations beyond national culture. Organization Science, 14(2) 137-148.Patel , T. 2005, development Dynamic Cultural Theories to explain the Viability of International Strategic Alliances A pore on Indo-French Alliances. PhD Thesis, Open University. Milton Keynes, UK.Singhapakdi, A., S. J. Vitell and K. L Kraft 1996, Moral Intensity and honourable Decision-Making of Marketing Professionals, Journal of Business Research 36, 245255.Ameen, E., Guffey, D. and J. McMillan. 1996. Gender Differences in determine the Ethical Sensitivity of Future Accounting Professionals. Journal of Business Ethics 15 591-597.Singhapakdi, Anusorn, Janet K. Marta, Kumar C. Rallapalli, and C.P. Rao (2000), Toward an Understanding of Religiousness and Marketing Ethics An Empirical Study, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 305-319.