Apple and Increasing Market Share

apple Inc. is a successful developer of two computers and consumer electronics. The bon tons most popular reapings include macintosh computers, iPod mp3 players, iPh unity smartphones and most late the iPad, which is a hybrid of a t equalt computer, and an eReader. apples mackintosh computers, iPods, iPhones, and iPads all sh atomic number 18 characteristics that make them part of the general information engineering science industry. However, since they ar very(prenominal) different growths each belongs to a more than than special industry.The mack computers be included in the person-to-person computer industry, iPods in the person-to-person media player category and, depending on the model, the wandering(a) lucre craft (MID) securities industry and iPhones to the smartphone and MID industry. The iPad has not been rel succourd to the general public yet, but considering its divers(a) features it could belong to many food markets. However, it impart most uni formly be competing with the mesh work at tablets, netbooks, and eReaders. Considering their competitions, one could surmise that the iPad volition belong to both PC and eReader markets.By incorporating market assessment and predictions for each of orchard apple trees intersections, as sanitary(p) as consumer question into the promotional dodge, orchard apple tree allow be able to improve its production gross gross revenue 10% over 2011. Macintosh computers be orchard apple trees oldest product category. Their bell point is signifi female genitaliatly towering(prenominal) than Windows based PCs. This knowledge, combined with apples popular Mac vs. PC television ads, can tell us a little smear somewhat orchard apple trees localize consumer. In the Mac vs. PC ads, Mac is represented by a young, trendy individual duration PC is represented by a middle- whiled nerd.This depiction of Mac, couple with its toweringer prices (the cheapest Mac fails for $999), tells us that Mac is trying to attract young individuals, within the 18-24, 25-34 and 35-44 come along bracket with a higher-than- intermediate income of the $50,000-$79,000 bracket and above. Due to the higher price point, apple is tar squeezeing college graduates, because they tend to make more money. In the illustrious Mac vs. PC ads, Mac is portrayed by a manly actor indicating that the companys target market may be slightly more aimed at males than females (Get a Mac Watch the TV Ads).Maintaining the contemporary target market appears to be a wise strategy since reducing prices now in evidence to attract little birdfeeder consumers could risk orchard apple trees public figure as a berth symbol and its bulls eye equity, especially when one considers a recent ask of orchard apple tree consumer psychographics in which Mac exploiters were considered to be less modest and more assured of their self superiority than the general population. I would recommend, however, that the Macintosh not entirely dismiss the female audience or elderly consumers. progressd(a) consumers tend to have more disposable income than the younger consumer. Therefore, with the brands higher price point, it would make sense to include the 45+ consumers in promotional strategy as well (Fried). As part of the personal computer industry, Macs are subject to some(prenominal) trends occurring within the industry. First, industrial externalise is worthy much more important in the minds of consumers than technological features. Consumers requisite computers that are more portable and can handle work and take aim requirements.Lower-priced mini-notebooks are becoming increasingly popular with consumers. It should be noted that the accord to Gartner, mini-notebooks were the hardly growing PC segment in 2009. In some other recent study by Gartner, it was predicted that by 2014 in a mature market, design would be the primary reason 20% of consumers will check to purchase a new c omputer. However, computer firms should consider not only the outward design of the machine. Consumers also want user-friendly systems that work well with their other electronic devices.The second factor impacting the personal computer market is incr alleviationd concentration on targeting even younger consumers. The main features expect to provoke these youths are touchscreens and cheap mini-notebooks. Gartner has predicted that by 2015, more than 50% of PCs sell to users under the age of 15 will have touchscreens. Similarly the research company predicted that 20% of mini-notebooks would be sold to consumers 12 years of age and younger by 2012. It is also predicted that mini-notebook sales to children will be the fastest growing segment among PCs (Kitagawa).Considering this information there are many routes apple can take to increment their market share in the personal computer industry. First, for consumers who want cheaper options, portability, and considerable design, Appl e should use this as an hazard to pose the iPad as an alternative to the mini-notebook. The $499 device is capable of running Apples rendering Microsoft Office, iWorks, and in the future the iPad application store may include Microsoft Office apps.The device basically allows consumers to do more or less the same amours as a mini-notebook but has the sleeker design and more user friendly interface that consumers are demanding. An alternative to this would be for Apple to design a mini-notebook version of the Macintosh since at present, the closest thing Apple has to fence with this product is the Apple Air, which while it does weigh less than most computers on the market, the product is inactive very wide in comparison to the standard mini-notebook (IPad See the Web, Email, and Photos like Never Before).If Mac wants to gallop to compete against its Windows counterparts, Dell, Toshiba, HP and Asus, the company needs to be prepared to compete in the mini-notebook arena. Apple co uld do this by positioning the iPad as a mini-notebook in consumers minds or by creating a new product, a Macintosh mini-notebook (Kitagawa). A second route Apple could take to improve its sales involves the trend of multi-touch surface computers becoming increasingly important in targeting younger personal computer users.Gartner noted that due to this trend, new markets will be developed for lower cost, with touchscreen computers targeted toward younger users. Apple could define this market with its iPad, or a version of the iPad. Especially since younger users have an easier time victimisation touch screens that are horizontal (like the iPad) than vertical screens (like a netbook). It is important that Apple work on defining this market now, because the new Windows 7 operating(a) system is fully equipped to allow PCs, Macs biggest competitors, to interject the portable touch-screen PC market (Kitagawa).To solidify the best strategy in increasing sales in the personal computer in dustry, Apple should parcel out research surveys to determine if an Apple mini-notebook is something consumers would be interested in, and if given the pick at the same price (currently $499), would they prefer an Apple netbook to an Apple iPad? This would enable Apple to determine whether or not a new product needs to be created to compete in the mini-notebook market. In addition, since design is becoming increasingly important in the computer industry, Apple should seek consumer feedback concerning shipway Macs could improve their current designs.To effectively promote the iPad as a netbook, Apple can take several avenues. First, because the iPad could be easily adapted by children, Apple could greatly bolster its iPad sales by developing educational software for the device and targeting memberary crops with sales promotions and ask marketing evince the products educational benefits. To work this strategy, Apple should send direct mail to public informs and include discou nts on iPads based on the grooms stinting need.Marketing the iPad as computer for children via direct marketing and not the tidy sum media will also help avoid associating the iPad solely as a childrens computer. Apples iPad has already done a great job of utilizing public relations to create a buzz about the product. In fact, the product wont be released until April, 2010 but the linked States government is already worried that its popularity will slow down(p) the internet as new iPad users access the internet (Bellaria).To market the product as a netbook, Apple should consider emphasizing the attachable keyboard that would allow the product to be better positioned as mini-notebook (IPad). The best way to do this would be to put ads on the big four broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, FOX and NBC. Apple targets a wide range of consumers and denote on these networks prior to the products release would reach a wide range of the target market. As far as marketing Macintosh computers, Ap ple should financial backing the current Mac versus PC ads, but incorporate female versions of the ads to entice more females to switch from PC to Mac.Finally, because the older consumer is a great likely market, Apple should include advertising in give-and-take magazines, a strength popular with older adults (Newsmagazine Demographics A Graying Market). Since many older consumers are upset about applied science, the ads should emphasize Macintosh computers ease of use and small accomplishment curve. Currently the Apple iPod personal media player offers lower price points and has garnered a market share of around 70%, exceeding all mp3 players for several years.The iPod is to mp3 players what the Sony Walkman was to tape players (Elmer-DeWitt). For this reason, Apples target demographic is definitely broader for iPod than its Macintosh brand, partly because of the mix of low and high prices of iPods ranging from the $59 iPod Shuffle to the high-end $399 iPod Touch. Apple stil l focuses its attention on younger consumers for the simple reason that this age bracket is more comfortable with technology. The iPod targets age brackets from the 12-17 range to the 35-44 age range.Males are typically more tech savvy so they make up a slightly higher percentage of the gender demographic. Since the iPod is a cheaper product, home incomes, with the exception of the $15,000 and below bracket are probable consumers. High school students are another great market for the iPod so those with some high school education and beyond are also targeted by Apple. As for psychographics, the consumer base for the iPod is so broad it would be hard to narrow down consumer similarities to anything more than a love of melody (Play Music and More on IPod).The portable mp3 industry is reaching its penetration point and sales are set abouting to stabilize (Elmer-Dewitt). Portable media players like the mp3 are also sideline a more connected trend. This means more and more devices, s uch(prenominal) as the iPod touch are allowing users to access the internet through Wi-Fi networks. Because the iPod is doing so well and has such a loyal brand following, all Apple needs to do is widen to invest just enough in R&D to stay with the competition (Baker). The iPod has reached the maturity age as sales have stabilized in this area.It is time for Apple to start thinking about cutting costs in this department and milking the brand by reducing costs to increase profit margins (Aaker). The iPod can employ a flighting schedule, going on flight hiatus until before and during the rosiness holiday period to cut costs. iPod only needs to give its image as the mp3 player to have. This can be done by inveterate some television advertising to general audiences on the 4 study broadcasting networks as well as channels popular with youth, like MTV and the Disney Channel, in which new music is promoted along with the Apple device, thus linking the iPod with youth.Also, since onlin e advertising is extremely effective with younger consumers, commercial banners on youth orientated sites such as MTV. com or Hulu. com will continue to keep the iPod positioned as the definitive music player for the 12-17 and 18-24 year old consumers. Sales promotions allowing consumers to get a discount on a new iPod if they turn in their old model could also be effective for the product. This would also maintain brand loyalty and create a unique selling advise among mp3 players.The iPhone is very similar to the iPod, especially the iPod touch, in that it can play music and video, (and like the iPod touch, access the internet) however, the device also acts as a stall phone. Over the course of the first quarter for 2010, Apple sold 8. 7 million iPhones, a 100 percent growth in sales from 2009s first quarter. (Reports First Quarter Results) However, in the smartphone industry, Blackberry still leads the market and Googles Android has gained a 4% increase in market share. Currentl y, these smartphones are Apples biggest threat.The iPhone has only gained a . 04% market share (Turner). The problem iPhone is likely facing here is the demographics the product is targeting and attracting. The number buyer of the iPhone is almost evenly split among the 15-24, 25-34 and 35-49 age brackets (31, 32 and 31 percent, respectively). 74 percent of iPhone consumers are males and 58% have graduated college. Finally, the average dwelling income of the iPhone is $75,600, so the target consumer likely falls into either the $50,000 to $79,000 or $80,000 to $94,000 household income range.The psychographics of the Apple iPod are the same as those of Mac users because both products, iPhones and Macs, are considered status symbols (White). In the case of the iPhone, Apple needs to work on targeting older users. Only 6% of iPhone users are above the age of 50 however, these consumers have more money to spend. Also, because of the intuitive touch interface, the ease of use of the iP hone could be a strong selling proposition for older consumers without much technological experience.Apple should continue researching ways to improve the ease of use of its product since as the smartphone industry progresses, large screens and touch interfaces are becoming special Kplace. Improved usability, longer battery life, and network optimization is where smartphone will be competing in the future (Baker). To improve the user experience of the iPhone, Apple should conduct ethnographic research on current iPhone users. These studies could uncover user frustrations concerning the iPhone experience and focus on the features consumers currently like about the product.This will help Apple improve the user experience even more and enable the company to more effectively market the device to a wider range of less technologically inclined users. Apple could also include an blowzy interface application specifically designed for the older consumer (Aaker). same(p) the promotional st rategy discussed for Macintosh computers, Apple should take out ads in news magazines like Time and Newsweek ,which are targeted to an older demographic, in order to promote the iPhones ease of use and possibly the new easy interface application to more senior consumers.In regards to the newest Apple iPad, this product has a lot of potential to increase Apples sales over the next year. It has already been discussed how the product could increase sales by positioning itself as a competitor in the netbook and touch PC market. In addition, the device can also be positioned as competitor in the eReader market. Gartner recently suggested that the eReader industry would great potential if some current issues were resolved. The first issue is that the eReader industry has not agreed on a proprietary file format for eBooks.This means that currently, there is not a standard book file format that can be transferred from one eReader to another (Baker). However, Apple has enjoyed much success w ith its iTunes and Application stores for its iPhone and iPod devices. Apple can leverage it online media store competencies to really make the iBookstore a success. If the iBookstore can be as successful as iTunes, not only will this increase eBook sales for Apple, it will also be good for the industry as a whole as it may provide eBook readers with a common file format (Aacker).The Apple company needs to be wary and strategic however since Barnes and Noble, the owner of one of Apples eReader competitors, The Nook, has announce plans to create its own free online bookstore application for the iPad (Hamblen). Another element that has been afflicting the eReader industry is the price relative to the benefit. The Amazon Kindles cheapest version sells for $259 (Kindle Wireless Reading Device) and Barnes and Nobles Nook sells for the same price (Nook, EBook Reader, EReader). The Sony Reader has a pocket version of its reader, set at a price of $199 (Sony Reader Pocket Edition).These prices are currently considered to be as well as high for most consumers considering the only function of the eReader is to allow consumers to read. The cheapest version of the iPad is to sell at $499. Even though this is almost twice as high as the Kindle, Nook, and Sony Reader, the iPad offers many more benefits, such as video and sound playback, and access to the internet (IPad). Consumers are therefore more likely to absolve the relatively higher price of the iPad since it offers so many more benefits (Baker).The iPad should continue its mass media commercials on the major networks and work to emphasize its iBookstore in commercials in order to edge out the Barnes and Noble reader application beingness designed to compete with the iBookstore. Historically, new Apple products are much want after and are considered status symbols. Because of this, the iPad will be targeted to higher household incomes, earlier the $50,000 to $79,000 and $80,000 to $94,000 brackets. Like other A pple products, the target market will likely lean more toward the male audience and include primarily college raduates. The age range will also likely be 18-24, 25-34, and 35-44 as older consumers typically avoid newer technologies. To generalize all Apple products and their promotional strategies, CEO Steve Jobs does an excellent job of using PR to introduce Apple products and create a buzz for them. However, after the initial buzz wears off, so does the PR. One way Apple could keep its name in the news is by creating a charitable organization, such as an after school technology learning program for inner city high school students, incorporating Mac products into that organization.Overall, Apple is in a very good position to increase its sales over 2011. Consumers are embracing technology, especially mobile media technology. More and more people are watching videos online and embracing smartphone technology (Bhatia). Apple should continue to emphasize the user-friendliness and grea t design of its products to the young, old, and everyone in between. If Apple does this, in addition to the many promotional strategies outlined above, a 10% increase in sales over 2011 will be very probable and Apple will have a lot of potential for future growth as well.

Bar Code Scanning and Patient Safety Essay

The future(a) paper explores eight published obligates that address the solvent of parapet legislation s tail assemblyning for medicinal drug face and enduring role resort. Online research was conducted to locate and recapitulation articles which are included in check into of literature, and to acquire accurate development addressing the issues discussed. The understanding of ward off reckon Scanning for practice of medicine institution (BCMA) is a valu adapted shit, providing effective practice needed to reduce medicament errors ahead(p) to prophylacticr tolerant handling. long-suffering asylum is defined by the embed of medicine (IOM) as the saloon of harm ca engrossd by errors of commission and omission (Henneman, 2010, p. 8). The intent of BCMA changed music tribunal, documentation, and conversation regarding enduring role care (Spetz, Burgress, & Phibbs, 2012, p. 158). Key words cease enter scanning of medicines, longanimous resort and worka rounds Issues1. Discuss turf out rule scanning in music validation (BCMA). 2. Discuss how the exercise of BCMA has touch on longanimous safety. 3. Discuss the implications of workarounds in medication brass section to the patient. Literature review articleDiscuss How the Use of BCMA has Affected tolerant SafetyThe following articles were reviewed for the conception of addressing the issue how BCMA has affected patient safety. long-suffering safety has been an issue in all realms of healthcare. The expend of BCMA introduced a new avenue to establish the vanquish practice of drug administration for patient safety. medicament Administration The execution of instrument Process of Bar-Coding for Medication Administration to Enhance Medication Safety (Foote & Coleman, 2008) discusses the issue of patient safety with the employment of BCMA. According to (Foote & Coleman, 2008, p. 207) medication errors strike at the heart of organism a guard the value of do no harm. The r eduction of medication errors has had a direct and indirect fix on the patient and the cheer (Foote & Coleman, 2008, p. 207).The direct effect can be a safety threat to the patient and an indirect effect can compromise the confidence of care for practice (Foote & Coleman, 2008, p207). The use of BCMA has increase patient safety by administration validation of the six rights of medication administration right drug, right patient, right cadence, right route, right route, and right reason. The findings cerebrate patient safety has increased with the use of BCMA. Reduction of paperwork using BCMA for the breastfeed allows for more while with the patient reducing the risk for error.Impact of BCMA on Medication Errors and Patient Safety A Summary (Marini & Hasman, 2009) was also reviewed. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) estimates that angiotensin-converting enzyme hospitalized patient is on average subject to one medication error per day. Medication errors that result in preventa ble ominous drug events may occur during any stage of the medication use bidding ordering (56%) transcribing (6%) dispensing (4%) and administration (34%). The use of BCMA has intercommunicate the issue of medication administration safety as a precession for patient safety (Marini & Hasman, 2009, p. 439). BCMA establishment use has decreased the errors in the administration phrase by possibly intercepting administration errors before they reach the patient (Marini & Hasman, 2009, p. 439). Enacting the BCMA technology into patient care has acted as a point of care safety transcription that go tos in the protection from potential errors and safeguards the medication administration operation where none previously existed (Marini & Hasman, 2009, p. 440).Safeguards that hire been put in place since the implication of BCMA into the healthcare field have shown from this article that safe practice has increased. The article, Patient Misappellations Caused by Errors in Standard Bar Code Technology (Snyder, Carter, Jenkins, & Fantz, 2010), discusses nigh medication errors on misreading wristband bar engraves. The use of bar work out scanning has decreased transcription errors in many a(prenominal) healthcare applications including patient identification (Snyder et al., 2010, p. 1554). The study indicated misidentifications of patients could occur, contributing to unsafe patient practices. Wristbands used for identification can assist with identifying the correct patient in the six rights of medication administration. While this is not a failsafe answer it is valuable in providing a safe practice of medication administration to patients. Discuss Bar Code Scanning in Medication Administration (BCMA)The following articles were reviewed for the purpose of addressing bar code scanning in medication administration. Nursing requires the tiny attainment of accurate medication administration. The use of electronic medication administration has brought approximate ly many changes in the healthcare field. The article, What Determines Successful Implementation of Inpatient selective training Technology Systems (Spetz et al 2012), was reviewed to address the above question. Computerized patients records and bar-code medication administrations continue to get ahead favor in healthcare. This idea spread across the nation in all VA sites (Spetz et al., 2012, p. 157), providing a safer purlieu for patient care. The use of bar code scanning utilizes the perfection of information processing systems into medication-administration process. Training to use (BCMA) indicated from the article can be cumbersome and staff can be apprehensive about the change. The sentence needed for BCMA showed extremely high demands with the implementation of BCMA system (Spetz et al., 2012, p. 160).The initial implementation of BCMA interrupted the flow of care for physicians and concords (Spetz et al., 2012, p. 160) Training and while management were issues addre ssed including support, work flow changes, and communication allowing flexibility for changes and updates (Spetz et al., 2012, p. 161). In review of information, BCMA has help healthcare in providing a safer environment for patient care. The use of BCMA has increased awareness of mistakes, increased accountability to the staff by having recorded measure of medication administration, and patient identifiers in patient care. The review of article An evaluation Process for an Electronic Bar Code Medication Administration education System in an Acute Care Unit (Bargen & Lu, 2009) discussed the development and use of BCMA in medication administration. An IOM report attributed 7,000 deaths annually to medication errors (Bargen & Lu, 2009, p. 356). Bar code medication administration systems were designed as a safety tool for nurses. The use of this system assists in reduction of errors at the point of medication administration (Bargen & Lu, 2009, p. 356). The reduction of medication er rors was introduced by using computerized alerts and warnings.These compelled users to stop and see potentially unsafe steps in the medication administration process (Bargen & Lu, 2009, p. 356). This caused a workflow disturbance for nurses. BCMA processes were examined using direct staff observation, process mapping, and informal group discussion. The process assisted in data sight and reconfiguration of BCMA, thus reducing un required alerts in the BCMA system. The conclusion drawn from review showed that a decrease in the numbers of unnecessary alerts triggered by the BCMA system can help take care the workflow blocks nurses encounter are clinically significant and justified (Bargen & Lu, 2009, p. 357). Although the workflow blocks are there it is sometimes necessary to assist in safe patient handling. Another article reviewed was, Barcode Medication Administration Lessons Learned from an Intensive Care Unit Implementation (Wideman, Whittler, & Anderson, 2006).The use of bar c ode scanning has been used in retail for many classs and was adapted for the use of medication administration originally by the Veterans Health Administration in the year 2000 and has spread across the US since that time (Wideman, Whittler, & Anderson, 2006, p. 437). The system was designed to improve accuracy in administration of medication through real time network connectivity. This allowed documentation electronically of administration of medications at the bedside (Wideman et al., 2006, p. 437). On April 04,2004 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration rule that barcodes were mandatory on labels of thousands of human medication and biological products by the year 2006 (Wideman et al., 2006, p. 438). The VA health care system used barcode scanning already in place and included the barcode of the medications in the safety system. This provided a better luck for patient safety using the BCMA system.The use of a handheld barcode scanner at the bedside registered each medication, so ftware verified correct medication was ordered, time of administration is correct, measured in the correct dose, and in real time documents the administration of the medication (Wideman et al., 2006, p. 439). Alleviation of paper medication record for the nurse lessen the chance for medication error and harm to the patient. By the use of this system missed medications, medication actions, and medication ordering could be do as the bedside. The induction of BCMA into patient bedside medication administration also reduced phone calls to the pharmacy from nurses. This helped to increase efficiency for medication administration providing a safer environment for patient care. Discuss the Implications of Workarounds in Medication Administration to the Patient The use of BCMA for medication administration was not received with open arms.The training, computer knowledge, workflow blocks, were some of the complaints by nurses. The following articles reviewed discussed workarounds when usin g BCMA. The article reviewed Patient Safety and Technology (Henneman, 2010) discussed safety and BCMA. The goal for BCMA systems was to prevent medication administration errors (Henneman, 2010, p. 9). Identifying and verification of the patients identity is unfavourable to assure patient safety and reduction of medication errors. Work-arounds have been reported with the use of the BCMA system in place. These work arounds create a serious threat to patient safety (Henneman, 2010, p. 9). Workarounds include affixing patient identification bar codes to computer carts, fourth dimension boards and carrying several patients pre scanned medications on carts (Henneman, 2010, p. 10). BCMA systems have assisted in creation of some work-arounds with unreadable medication bar codes, non-bar coded medications, malfunctioning scanners at the bedside, and missing patient armbands used as a patient identifier (Henneman, 2010, p. 10).The review indicates workarounds can be created for any situatio n. It is the responsibility of the nurse to ensure the correct medication is being administered to the correct patient using the six rights of medication administration. BCMA is only when a tool to assist in safe patient handling. Another article reviewed, Medication Errors Occurring with the Use of Bar-Code Administration Technology (Pennsylvania patient safety advisory, 2008) discussed workarounds as a method of accomplishing an activity through other arrangements when not able or willing to use the correct method. A temporary firmness of purpose is not the answer and, puts the patient at greater risk for medication error. Using work-arounds such as typing the patients social security number, indicating the medication will not scan, or affixing the wristband of patients to bedsides rather than the patients wrist puts the patient at risk (Pennsylvania patient safety advisory, 2008, p. 125). The abridgment from review indicates it is the nurses responsibility to ensure safe medic ation administration even though it is not always the fastest method. abstract of FindingsPatient safety, bar code scanning and work-arounds all relate safe patient handling. The review of literature indicates safety is the number one priority in healthcare. The development of BCMA was set off of the process to ensure a safer influence for medication administration. Medication errors indicated that BCMA was not always the cause of the problem. Mislabeling of medications, work-arounds, missed scanned wristbands have all contributed to errors in medication administration. Findings indicate that although BCMA is an excellent tool to assist in the six rights of medication administration to the patient. It is not an overall firmness to medication errors. The responsibility is a collective effort by physicians, pharmacists, and nurses to ensure the safest practice for the patient.Implication for PracticeBCMA is an excellent tool to assist the nurse in bedside medication administration. The inpatient environment is hectic for the nurse, having multiple patients and time limitations. Patient safety is a priority in healthcare and pickings the time to ensure the correct medication is being administered to the correct patient is part of nursing practice. The use of BCMA assists this process by ensuring the medication has been right ordered by the physician, verified by the pharmacist, and verification of patient identifiers. The system alerts nursing when there is a question of correct dose, medication, time, route, or patient. This assists the nurse in providing a safer method of medication administration. The field of nursing requires critical thinking skills in all realms of patient care. Medication administration is only one area of nursing practice. A safer environment for the patient is part of commonplace practice for the inpatient nurse.The use of BCMA assists the nurse in providing this environment in patient care. Although work-arounds are many times easi er for the nurse in time management, it is not the safest practice. Identifying and verification of the patients identity is critical to assure patient safety and reduction of medication errors. The understanding of Bar Code Scanning for Medication Administration (BCMA) is a valuable tool, providing safe practice needed to reduce medication errors leading to safer patient handling. Patient safety is defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as the prevention of harm caused by errors of commission and omission (Henneman, 2010, p. 8). The use of BCMA changed medication administration, documentation, and communication regarding patient care (Spetz, Burgress, & Phibbs, 2012, p. 158). In the practice of nursing this all relates to everyday practice. Patient safety, avoiding the temptation of work-arounds, and using tools such as BCMA ensure that nursing is utilizing all the information to assist patients in the healing process.ReferencesBargen, M., & Lu, D. (2009). An evaluattion proces s for an electronic bar code medication administration inofrmation system in an smashing care unit. Urlogic Nursing, 29(5), 355-391. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19863043 Foote, S. O., & Coleman, J. R. (2008). Medication administration the implementation process of bar-coding for medication administration to enhance medication safety. Nursing Economics, 26(3). Retrieved from http//web.ebschost.com.lib-proxy.usi/ehost/resultsadvsnced?sid=769055e1-76b1-460c-b5f6-96214bb1c806%40sessionmgr13vid=2%hid=14&bquery=Medication+Administration%3a+theimplementation+process+%22of22+bar-coding+for+medication+administration+%22to%22+enhance+medication+safety&bdata=JmRiPXJ6aCZOeXBIPTEmc210ZT1aG9zdC1saXZ1JnNjb3BIPXNpdGU%3d Henneman, E. A. (2010). Patient safety and technology. Advanced Critical Care, 20(2), 128-132. Retrieved from http//www.ajhp.org/content/66/13/1202/long Marini, S. D., & Hasman, A. (2009). Impact of BCMA on medication errors and patient safety a summary. Connec ting Health and Humans. doi10.3233/978-1-60750-024-7-439 Pennsylvania patient safety advisory. (2008). Medication errors occuring with the use of bar-code administration technology. , 5(4). Retrieved from http//www.ecri.org/Documents/PA_PSRS/2008.12_Advisory.pdf Snyder, M. L., Carter, A., Jenkins, K., & Fantz, C. R. (2010). Patient misidentifications caused by errors in standard bar code technology. Clinical Chemistry, 56(10), 1554-1560. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.lib-proxy.usi.edu/healthcomplete/docview/756738318/fulltextPDF/13790524A8A77BE80D2/56?accountid=14752 Spetz, J., Burgress, J. F., & Phibbs, C. S. (2012). What determines successful implementation of inpatient information technology systems. The American Journal of Managing Care, 18(3). Retrieved from www.ajmc.com Wideman, M. V., Whittler, M. E., & Anderson, T. M. (2006). Barcode medication administration lessons learned from an intense care unit implementation. Advances in Patients Safety, 3. Retrieved from http//wwwfda.gov/cber/rules/barcodelabel.pdf

Predicting Performance

Mix between current method and learning test. Evaluate Alternatives 1. sensitives tests. If newsworthiness tests are consumptiond by corporations to screen Job applicants, colleges could character the same methodology. Also this will break dance a future prospect for the students after graduation, to be familiar with this kind of test. Also corporations looking new employees will be confident that the graduated students have already passed the apprehension test, so they can give priority for students graduated from New England College.In amplification the New England College, establish on this alternative, could do agreement with potential recruiters, to give priority for student graduated from the college as they can ensure their Intelligence level. This will give an advantage to overcome any possibility of secretion and to be more fair for poor and minorities, as it will be based on real evaluation for intelligence level for students. 2. retain existing selection criter ia. As Alex has no prior experience in college admissions, and in the same time she didnt eave enough time to collect in all data and verify It by real study.All her reservations about using sit down scores based on concerns, the further evidence Is that coaching improves the sit down score. So retention the current selection criteria will overcome the luck of failure in case of any change in the cognitive operation of selection, also as the people who design the SAT argue forcefully that these test scores are valid predictors of how well a somebody will do in college. But Alex could gain time during keeping the current selection process to collect and analysis data sooner thinking about other alternative o challenge this argue. . liquify between current method and Intelligence test. As SAT Is only three sections Mathematics, Critical Reading, and Writing. It Is preferable also to measure the intelligence of the students. For this its compulsory to redistribute the scoring as per the below. High school grades (20 %) Scholastic expertness Test (SAT) scores (30 %) Intelligence tests scores (30 %) Extra-curricular activities and achievements (10 %) And the quality and creativity of a written theme submitted with the applicationThis alternative will make the selection criteria based on measuring the mathematics critical reading and writing in addition to the proper intelligence level, and avoid discrimination for poor and minorities. winning into account the students character and their ability to manage activities and have achievement, and their ability to take out their writing capabilities and creativity. Also this alternative will have the advantages of first alternative. Recommendations To use the third alternative by having mix between current methods and intelligence test.

Hazlitt RH Analysis Essay

In this world, cash is a necessity. In William Hazlitts unfavorable and didactic excerpt from, On the Want of Money, he bears witness and exposes to his earreach that although money is not necessarily a source of happiness, it is fundamental in order to achieve any other sort of joy and relieve on earth. Hazlitt employs adverse diction and the layering of testify through syntax to consequently further his argument on the necessity of money.Hazlitts fatalistic diction exposed to the readers how without money, ones pull throughlihood on earth is instead misfortunate and uncomfortable, to say the least. Words much(prenominal) as, despised, exile, rejected, and avoided, reveal the bleak manner-style of a poverty-stricken, penniless human being. This pessimistic diction declare oneselfs and constructs the awful, unhappy life that one will live in the lack of money. Words such as, disappointment, dissatisfied, querulous, and morose, demonstrates the discontent which one lives life feeling if there is no money to spend on luxuries and other such pleasures. However, diction such as, hope, succeed, enthusiasm, and fortune, suggest that a life of riches and abundance is also a life of satisfaction. Through Hazlitts gloomy diction, he was able to disclose with his hearing his position on the necessity of money if one desires to life a well-off, enjoyable life.William Hazlitts layering of reason aided in bringing to elucidation his argument on the vitality of having money in order to live a favorable life because he had the information to sustain his appeal. genius piece of material exercised to further his point was to be a law-stationer, or a scrivener or scavenger, suggesting that a life without money is uniform to the life of a scrounger with nothing of his own. The evidence, to be avoided by those who sock your worth and shrink from it is as a claim on their abide by or their purse, manifests the idea that you will be treated differently by those whoare aware of the amount of money in your pocket. Lastly, the piece of evidence stating, to be a burden to your relations, or unable to do anything for them, validates that with money, the great unwashed will feel pity for you and your situation, but without it, you cannot help othersor yourself. The layering of evidence done through syntax in this advisory excerpt exposes the make-up that Hazlitt was constructing being the fact that in this society, money will be the rump to happiness and progress.Literally and truly, one cannot get on well in this world without money. William Hazlitt both understood and felt that it was his duty to prove to his earreach why money has become a necessity in this world. He employed depressing diction and the scaffolding of evidence to more clearly emphasize his point of view on the want of money.

U.S. History 1919-1945 Notes

U. S. History notes cherry Sc be 1919 I. Mass hysteria II. Why unrealistic irrational upkeep. A. Expectations up and down 1. Prosperity carve up be doubling income (1915 income 408$ yr to 1920 835$ year) 2. adventure war recession B. Super patriotism/S needers (youre a shirker if not a super patriot) 1. Committee for habitual Relations (C. P. I. ) (Creel Committee) assume propaganda papers, pushed congruity and support Boy Sc come forths for war. 2. Espion era and sedition acts A. Clear and present hazard speech that presents this is not protected. foundationt yell fire in a theatre as a joke when in that respect is no fire. not protected by a throw forcedwork forcet). 3. Radicals A. Industrial drubers of the World (IWW) nick pissd Wobblies. Loudmouth aggressive workers, and when on acquire did it vigorously to prove their point. Opposed WWI.Persecuted, charged with violating sedition acts, exclude down and virtu all toldy thrown in jail. C. 1919 Incidents (convinc ed heap that there atomic number 18 threats everywhere) 1. Bombs (mail bombs, iodin goes get through in A. Mitchell Palmers yard so he constructed the Palmer Raids. sight that went on strikes considered understructures). 2. Strikes A. Boston police (19 police got fired for joining AFL so rest of boston police walked come to the telephone circuit) Coolidge convinced them they could not strike and had to go back to work, and virtually did. B. Steel went on strike for high locks, and make better operative conditions. C. Coal went on strike for higher wages. 4. Centralia assassinate 11/11/19 * Wobblies eyeshot they were going to be attacked so they subject fire on a parade that was taking go down for Armistice Day. Wobblies kill a few men, allWobblies come out besides for Wesley Everest who came out of the building firing at police kill one and he was eventually killed. (He was model to be a crazy root word and a hero by some) III. Palmer Raids, Dec. 1919, Jan. 1920 Thousands of immigrants argon rounded up in cities from coast to coast, deported back to their home country or charged with a crime for being suspicious. Some 6-7,000 was rounded up in total. no(prenominal) of these hoi polloi were charged with a crime when they were picked up, thus shake it biggest violation of civil liberties in U. S. IV.End of Sc ar May of 1920 the fear of naturals comes to an end. After WWI conformity begins and we drop off a lot of cultural diversity. Palmer (attorney general) creates Anti-Radical Division and appointed Edgar vacuum-clean to make it and go after radicals. John L. Lewis Harding died in 1923, buried in home town of Ohio. Had poor judgment of character, alone never accused of accepting bribes. His electric pig collapsed bc of scandals. Harding got sick in seattle, but a book was create verbally rough how his wife embittered him. Harding I. Teapot dome II. Lucid Press A. Gaston heart, The Death of HardingB. Nam Britton, The Pr esidents feel She claimed to be The presidents mistress and be possessed of internal encounters in the White field Calvin Coolidge became president after Harding died. He was a Puritan, serious individual, and gained nick cognomen mum Cal for being very quiet and not talking much. Famous repeat of his They cant hang you for what you dont say. He was ruling to be mean spirited (Laughed at separates discomfort and misfortune). His wife was approval Goodhue (she taught the deaf & deoxyadenosine monophosphate blind), very friendly and positive influence on Coolidge and contributed to his success. Happy as V. P. c he didnt rich person to do much. I. Silent Cal A. Bg B. Gov. > V. P. > President C. Cleans house cleaned out the exsanguine house, trying to name rid of the corrupt commonwealth. Brought in Harlen Stone to bring back hook in W. H.. D. Pro Business and Capitalism He kept the excogitation of pro seam, was an hoary form of Capitalism. II. 1924 election A . Democratic disarray Took one hundred ballots to elect representative. John Davis was Democrats choice. Republicans won. B. Progressive Party supported Gov. Fallett, received over 4 mil votes. Disappe ared after 1924. C. Republican majorities III. AdministrationA. Andrew Mellon mature man, super rich, from Pitt, worked in steel business, owned coal, iron and steel mills. plump to control aluminum market, didnt work, but became even wealthier from this, volunteered service to care Republican Party to gain a positive environment. 1. cypher & adenylic acid accounting profess, 1921 Harding admin. Part of modernization of American govt. 2. Revenue Act, 1921 Coolidge admin. Established value rates, Cut top rate from 75% to 50% end excessive Pro scores revenue. Tried to eliminate inheritance tax, didnt work, doesnt win over lower income tax (realized this was a mis frame up one across). . Revenue Act, 1924 Revenue acts created loopholes, do tax avoidance legal, but tax evasion was illegal. Coolidge Admin. Top rates bone again from 50% to 40%. Thought to trickle down and serve the poor, and lowered poor income tax. Trickle down Economics came from these Revenue Acts. III. Fordney-McCumber obligation Protective 1922 (tariff is tax on imports) this taxed imports to protect domestic manu pointurers. V. Balanced Bud undertake 5. McNary-Haugen Veto, 1927, Over Production estab. Commodity prices so sodbusters could make a lucre. intercourse passed this and Coolidge vetoed it. Controversial veto) Farmers started supporting other policy-making leaders. 6. hoover & Dept. of barter Consumerism Cont. I. Theory & structure Welfare capitalism Trying to stick better kit and caboodle conditions. II. Business as Religion Bruce Barton III. Labor Reforms A. Taylorism * Frederick Taylor & two- bon motor studies B. Cellular Work Force manufacturers organized their workers into groups called cells. law of natured themselves, making it easier fo r wad at higher position to hasten slight sight to watch over C. Pergs Received bonuss and represent raises for unattackable work and got pension plans.D. Company Unions Yellow Dog administered perks that went to union worker, not considered a real union group. * Councils organized work force and dealt with stymie below management and relayed info. * Sports Teams organized sport venues across America. E. course brain 1. Family structure a. Who works saves, wives, and kids do when they grow up and are old enough. b. Kids Early childhood they interchange goods to make $ for family. c. Gender roles different sexual roles between men and women and cultural naturalism of sex. 2. spirit Class Reformers estimation if essence fork familys had little kids they would gain a better center field disunite status. Settlement houses 1. Hull house ran by Jane Addams, middle class cleaning lady, supported by philanthropy. Helped uplift running(a) class. 2. Assimilation goods a. Cl ass taught English, etiquette, daycare for kids, abuse programs, and clean stock certificatess b. Ethnicity Different ethnic groups go about their delays differently and whoop it up different leisure activities. I. Auto Industry a. Sig 1. 20th century 2. birle offs a. Steel production rises b. Closed cars (glass and leather) c. Rubber production increases d.Gasoline production increases and 4 strokes is mainly used for cars. e. Road smoother roads were demanded. By 1920 $1billion dollar marks a year washed-out on bare-ass roads and $400 one thousand billion a year on road maintenance. 3. Proliferation a. By 1912 car gross revenue are 150,000 yr. b. By 1921 reaches 1 million a year. c. By 1930 23 mil. Sold and 1 in 5 people own a car. B. Henry Ford 1. Model T prod. In 1908 and Model A produced in 1928. Added color to cars in 1928 due to competition. Sued a parts monger bc Ford used the crates that the parts came in to build his shape T car and they were randomly changed by the dealer who had no steer he used the wood. . Production efficiently and intensity-produced on accumulation line to help cost, wages and efficiency better. 3. Cost was 300$ a day and wages were 5$ a day. C. William Crapo Durant, GM financier/investor not a banker A. Buick, 1904 B. 1910 Ads Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Cadillac. C. Added Chevy (cheapest of these brands) acquires suppliers such as fisher body, Remy electric and DELCO. Cars at this time were self-starters, no keys used, serious crank the engine and go. D. GMAC General Motors bankers acceptance Corp. loaned you the bullion so you could misdirect a GMC. E. 1929 & Depression Crapo illogical GM and Durant owned it.Crapo had the idea of building a super market, regorget every subject into one big warehouse to make it more than convenient, but sooner his idea came to life he died in 1933. D. encounter of Cars 1. Accidents and Death 30,000-40,000 deaths a year. 2. Pollution invisible pollution from 1920-60s was terrible due to lead in the catalystoline. Re kick the bucket from gas in 1970. 3. Morality peoples morals changed w/the use of more cars. (Lovers lane, social events, statutory rape) 4. impropriety traditional cars gave people more individual and reinforced their autonomy. Cars are so culturally significant and reinforce individualism.IV. intercommunicate Advertising first mass media, by 1927 intercommunicate sales reached 20million plus a year. A. Psych Ads > behaviorist psychological science looking at people as a mass society, per using people and stimulus, measuring a response scientifically. Stimulus ad is a buying response. B. Radio mass media KDKA, 1920 commercial station 500 & 1922 500 radio stations across the country. 2 years and radio blanketed America. NBC, 1926 first radio network. Formed by RCA, General Electric and Westing House. By 1926 conglomerates start to squeeze out the independent radio station owners. Amos and Andy, 1928 funniness radio show, black ethnic humor. inaugural show that acquired a angiotensin converting enzyme sponsor (Pepsodent toothpaste) C. Planned obsolescence used engineers to create certain products. Tech swop continually buying new technology products. Not really a new product, save a way to stimulate the parsimoniousness by making people wish to buy something new. Immigration & second KKK I. Old and new immigration Old immigrants were 19th century ones attack from Britain, Germany, Ireland and other Northern Englanders. red-hot immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (Italians, Russian Jews (Pale), and Slavs and Greeks).II. Nativism & Restrictionist A. Origins 1. late 19th century 2. red scare immigrant radical scare 3. Eugenics fake science, ignorant people claiming a false fact. A. capital of Wisconsin Grant, The passion of the undischarged Race, 1916 refers to (white Anglo-Saxon Protestant) White Anglo-Saxxon People who are going to let on and change American cu lture. B. Anti-Semitism rises (anti-Jew) III. KKK A. Rise in Atlanta, 1915 1. Col. Simmons Runs the KKK 2. Birth of a Nation, 1915 First recognizable movie. About American Civil war. KKK depicted as heroic in a sense. D. W. Griffith created movie reels and hes a filmmaker. 3.Edward Clarke comes up with KKK costumes and KKK words. Hes in it for the silver and business. B. Peak 1924 round top of the KKK. 4. 5 Mil members and dominate 7 states (Ok, Cal, Chi, Ind. are a few) 1. political Clout 2. Rural and Urban C. Fall 1925 1. David Stinson, Indiana friend of Indian govt. Ed Jackson, used KKK to enrich himself, raped secretary and she assay to poison herself and died a few weeks later and Stevenson charged w/second tier rape and murder. This was tied into KKK. 2. Other Factors IV. Restriction Legislation A. 1917 Immigration Act starts process of restricting certain immigrants. . nous Tax not openhanded to move to America. 8$ was the head tax. 2. Literacy Test proving you can read and write in a language. Didnt expect mentally incompetent people coming into the country. B. Quota Acts limits foreign- born(p) number of immigrants. 1. 1921 Immigration Act 358,000 accepted (3% of 1910 census) (200,000 were N. W. Englanders). These were the new immigrants from S. E. Europe. 2. 1924 Immigration Act 150,000 accepted (2% of 1890 census and 132,000 could come from N. W. Europe) CRIME AS ENTERTAINMENT I. Leopold and Loeb, 1924 smart genius kids, brave outd in San Fran.A. Perfect Murder Bobby Franks was the 14 yr old kid they killed. Led him to a vacant lot and bludgeoned him to death. Leopold dropped his glasses at the crime scene. Police caught them and Loeb cracked first. Loeb was sexually attracted to Franks so that was his reason to kill him and Leopold was convicted as the accomplice. B. Defense 1. Clarence Darrow Attorney of the 2 and he tried to convince the judge that they were mentally diseased. Became cognise as the delirium defense fr om thence on. Both convicted to life in prison. C. Spectacle 1. The Rope and so forth A film by Alfred Hitchcock based off the Leopold and Loeb murder. II. Hall-Mills murder, 1922-26 A. Rev. Halls and Mrs. Mills bodies were gear up in a lovers lane. No clear grounds of who did it. whollyegations of Mills brothers killing them and Halls wife had killed them. B. political campaign entirely evidence here was the love affair between them 2. 1. Politics 2. slob Woman Pig farm was about a mile away. Daughters farmer was pig woman bc of her residence and appearance. She didnt see anything sightly comprehend noise of a car/gun fire. Mother claims miss is retarded and no one ever raise out who killed them.C. Spectacle 1. Radio Halls and Mills trial was played out over the radio for the 4 year duration of the entire event and everyone was acquitted. III. Lindbergh Kidnapping, 1932 famous pilot who flew wholesome-nigh the world. Lindbergh and wife lived out in country. A. Kidna pped, March 1932 Lindbergh son was kidnapped out of 2nd story room and a ladder and ransom note were left behind. Lindberg paid a ransom, but his son was never offspringed. B. Trial 1. Bruno Hauptman German immigrant accused of crime. Wood used to make ladder was from Hauptman house. He was found with some of the ransom silver.Found guilty and executed. A year later the impairs body was found. C. Spectacle 1. Trail of the Century Charles Lindbergh went into hiding with his wife and they moved out of the country then back to Hawaii in a secluded area where he had to go away to get there. MOVIE perseverance I. Tech Shift movies offered motion pictures however it was 2D on a flat screen. Nickelodeons were first movie viewing attractions. Movies weaned people from nickelodeons to movie theaters. A. 3D > 2D 1920s shift from nickelodeons to movie theaters, attracting people bc its larger a larger than life, moving picture with music. steerted in the 19teens and became a cultu ral phenom. B. Motion Picture 1. great(p) Train Robbery, 1903 lasted 8 proceeding 2. Motion Picture Patent Co. 1918 Located in New Jersey, tried to create a monopoly rough NYC in the movie industry 3. Independents they didnt agree the Motion Picture Patent Co. so they packed up and headed west. inaugural stop was Flagstaff, Arizona. Settled in a town brotherhood of L. A. II. Tinsel town Hollywoods nickname. (1912 13,000 movie places, 500 in NY. Attendance by 1922 40 million and atomic number 6 million by 1930. 1925 Movie industry was 4th largest. Birth of a Nation recognize as first reel movie, had 12 reels, was hours long, made by D. W. Griffith. ) A. Studios squeezes avowedly independents out Paramount, fox, MGM, Republic, United Artists & Warner Bros. ) Tried to profit from every aspect possible by vertical integration. B. Stars eventcast people people gravitated to certain actors. Clara Bow it girl C. Formulas III. Scandals A. Fatty Arbuckle, 1921 comedian in mov ies, despicable in real life, a person is killed of a do drugs overdose at his mansion, he is charged w/2nd ground level murder and his movie career is over. B.Mary Pickford & Douglas Fairbanks she divorces her first husband and hook up with Fairbanks, her movie career was ruined by her growing old. In 1 movie she played 2 characters at the same time. IV. security review A. Dos and Donts, 1924 limited what was shown on the movie screen. B. Hays consignment Will Hays enforced censorship sex and violence (shown euphemistically not realistically). Sex sells so nudity was pushed as far as possible to draw bigger crowds. favorableen Age of Sports I. Recreational A. golf of courses tripled in the 20s. Green fees and equipment fees were required to play. . Private-elite groups 2. Municipal Middle Class (W. C. Fields) B. Bowling Goes back to the Dutch. 1. Duck Pins 1st form of bowling, usually they were attached to saloons. Not for families at first, men usually went and dra nk. 2. Gentrification 1920s bowling teams went from 5 to 40,000 and it was more family oriented and people went to have a good time. C. baseball game Clubs 1. Urban/Industrial baseball players were factory workers. Sponsored teams, urban and rural would travel to play each other. 2. Rural people could serious travel around looking for a team to join. II.Spectacle A. Golden Age of Baseball 1. fateful Sox, 1919 bread white sox accepted money from gamblers to throw the game and lose in the World Series. * tag Landis He had power over baseball to enforce rules keeping it fair and just. Juiced ball after Landis stepped to power he supposedly juiced the ball making it easier to hit homers. (he kept Negros separate from white baseball) 2. Babe Ruth 22 Yrs. in the 1920s he was a home run king. B. College ftball 1. The Gate 50,000 people watched first game. 20million was spent on football game by 10million fans.Bowl games were invented after the sport kept growing. 1902 move wine Bowl started. 1935 Sugar Bowl started taking place at Tulane. Univ. of Chicago was a founder of College football and they dropped it bc of the money and how famous football became and not the college itself. 2. Icons Knut Rockne & Gipper C. Boxing 1. Promoter Tex Rickand 1. Dempsey vs. Carpienteir 1921 this fight drew $1Million 2. Dempsey vs. Tuney, 1926 Tuney take Dempsey by dancing around and not allowing Dempsey allowing to get hit. $1. 8 million in revenue 3.Rematch, 1927 Long Count Dempsey didnt retreat to neutral corner and a long count was then relieve oneselfn to Tuney to get up, which he did, danced around and didnt allow Dempsey to hit him and he ended up winning. III. Sports & Class A. Working Class Baseball B. Elite College Football designed to be a microcosm of leadership positions. You have to be tough. Expectations to be brave and go all out. * Amateur Ideal WASP (ethnocentric) * 1910 NCA is formed to minimize the deaths and injuries around footbal l, enforced rules and eliminated certain plays and added pads/helmets. * 1896 Amos Stagg forms the Western Conference. Referred to as Ringers (non-college student playing football). Now they are k forthwithn as the queen-size 10. * NFL formed in 1920s. George Halas was one of the founders. Became an owner, player and coach of the Staley Bears who changed their name to Chicago Bears. These players were working class men and college players. * In 1920s College All America team played NFL all starts, but stopped in late 20s bc NFL was getting to good and it was adults vs. kids eventually. IV. College Football Origins A. Anglo-Saxon Ethnocentrisms 1. Social Darwinism, Gilded Age 1. Herbert Baxter Addams classic trained prentice A. Germ Theory a democratic germ theory the A. S. take with them wherever they go electing their race. Picking your scholars based on merit, i. e. meritocracy. (Basically being born into a family of power) B. Tacitus, Germania history of German tribes, a me ritocracy. 2. Saxon Warrior Culture this warrior type leadership establishes college football (choose the best to be display their talent) V. NEW fair sex 1920s I. Middle & Upper Class A. Club Women get hitched with women who formed womens nine-spots (General Federation of Womens Clubs forms in 1892. There are 500 members and by 1917 there are 1 million women club members.B. Professional 1. Single (Unmarried) 2. Role Model or Feminist? not doing this to represent womankind just doing it for their personal reasons. C. Planned Parenthood Margaret Sanger, middle class woman who tried to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Aimed at working class. This ends up being effective to the single unmarried women who stay childless and want to keep the job they have. II. Working Class Flapper These women was flat chested, wore short lay and smoked cigarettes type of bitch. Rough language, went out at night, danced and had fun times. Aspired to join up into the middle class. A.Peiss Thes is working class women establish the working class phenomenon, trying to reform the working class women. Didnt work to well so they picked up some of the working class ways. B. Middle Class 1. Freud Popularized for mental health let your proclivities run free, to much repression results in disadvantageously symptoms 2. Latent Hypocrisy Blatantly expressing ideas they dont practice. behavior as well as rhetoric that pushed culture. SCOPES TRIAL trying to do away with Darwinism theory. Became known as the Butler Act. Teaching Darwinism in condition was illegal and this passed in 3 states, Tennessee being 1.I. Dayton vs. Chattanooga Wins this trial. Dayton agrees to be put on trial if Dayton members are present at court. II. The Trial A. Judge Raulston wanted to get publicity from this. B. Prosecution 1. Hicks and Bryan C. Defense 1. Darrow & Malone, et al famous lawyers from past cases. Malone is a sophisticate from NY. III. The Argument A. Prosecution leaping limit tri al to simple Yes/No questions. B. Defense Expand pad the case based on speaking the truth and including constitutional exceptions. Against 1st amendment for speaking the truth. 1. Greatest Speech C. Decision 1.One Expert Judge allowed 1 expert witness for future appeals D. The Monkey House referred to Darrow & Malones decision to be the one expert that the judge would allow. 1. Cross-examination IV. Verdict A. Trial John Scopes violated Butler Act and was fined but never had to pay the fine and the verdict was thrown out later down the road. B. Public Opinion he wins in the court of public opinion, but was convicted in the court of Dayton. Aime Semple MacPherson I. Four Square Gospel started a gospel in the suburb outside of L. A. church services were new, strange and she conducted herself like a movie star.Became a minor figure in the 1930s and died in the 40s. traditionalist who tried to use modern technologies and it backfired. II. Sensual buy III. Scandal Art & Literature, 1920s I. Lost Generation so many ppl were killed and it seemed that generation was garbled. Referred to as the high culture A. Why so glum? 1. General Cynicism 2. WWI A. Age of Irrationalism WWI makes no sense. Tactics were irrational, terrorism started and countries were thought to be a bit barbaric. B. All quiet on the Hesperian Front, 1929. Eric Remarque everyone dies 3. Sartre Existentialism brand of philosophy.It means we exist and thats all there is to life. Everything (religion, politics, etc. ) is all made up. The just now lasting society connecting people is fiction. B. Any Joy? 1. Roaring 20s 2. Behaviorist and psych C. Lit. A. Sinclair Lewis critically acclaimed. Fits into cynical idea. 1. Main Street, 1920 is about a woman who is married well and prosperous, but she is unhappy and runs off to a suburban town. 2. Babbitt, 1922- characterization of midwestern life. Became a midlife crisis story and he desired an affair. He was an unhappy individual. B. HL Mencken refers to middle class as the booshwazee.He falls off the charts and people get ignored of him in 1930s (pro Nazi) he continues to edit supporting teen writers, promoting the next gen of writers. 1. Baltimore Sun D. F. Scott Fitzgerald novels are glum and cynical. He produced great American literature. Born in 1896, St. Paul, manganese and died in 1940. (Alcoholic). He had many failing businesss. I. Bg. & young A. St. Paul, 1896 B. Princeton > Army sent to Princeton where he started piece his first book this side of paradise. 1917 joined army. Didnt return to Princeton just wrote short stories. II. Zelda Sayre his wife whom he met while training in the army.A. Southern Belle B. Nervous Breakdown C. Jazz age couple Scott and Zelda they were drunkard most of their lives, living the high life, appearing to be frivolous, she got sick, was placed in a care facility so Scott could keep writing and then he died of liver disease due to alcoholism. III. Career * G reat Gatsby, 1925 secures his literary career. Its about Gatsby whose a WWI vet who acquires wealth. In the end Gatsby dies without accomplishing his goals and dreams. Told by a narrator on the outside looking in. About old money and new money. Sad generation story that fits into the lost generation era. This side of meat of Paradise, 1920 also about the last generation. * Tender is the Night, 1934 acclaimed and a movie was made out of it. Its about a touching, loving family and the husband has a nervous breakdown that demeans the family. Drawn from Fitzgeralds own personal life. * pitiable Stories * Hollywood, 1939 went to Hollywood to earn more money. He was a scriptwriter. Dies here in 1940, the last one he worked on was farewell my lovely. * The Last Tycoon, 1940 create after his death. About Hollywood producers, scandals from the 1920s Hollywood tinsel town era. IV. EvaluationErnest Hemingway Split-Minded I. Bg. 1. Oak Park, 1898 close to the prairie, spent all his t ime in the outdoors and skipped groom. He worked for a living all the time, had a salary, didnt just write. 2. Kansas City Star was a stringer for the paper, trained as a journalist from ground up, bc hes an outdoorsman his intellectual curiosity draws him to WWI where he drives an ambulance and participates in some attacks. II. WWI A. Italian Front B. The Wound He was on the front line when a bomb hit his squad and wounded him in the gram molecule area, this wound was thought to have ruined his manhood by others.He convalesces in a Italian hospital and this was the end of his frontline career. Went from here to Toronto Star. III. Paris A. Toronto Star B. Expatriates apart of this group, but also critiques them. C. Serious literary productions Men w/o Women, 1920 (cult of masculinity refers to flight from domesticity, relates back to Daniel Boone) masculine men doing manly things in a manly way, women are not needed. In Our Time, 1924 A Farewell to Arms, 1929 The Sun Also Rises, 1926 People try to find relationships due to tough times, not trying to write about the lost generation but inevitably was.His phrase was The earth abides. IV. War Correspondent A. Spanish/Civil War 1. For When the Bell Tolls B. WWII V. Noble Prize, 1954 he received this, but felt this was a mind block after bc he thought all his work had to be up to the standard of winning the prize. A. Existentialism & Old Man and the Sea existentialism provide push you toward adventures but you dont have to push it toward tragedy. Old man and the sea is about a Cuban going out on a tiny sailboat and catches a sailfish bigger than his boat.On the way back onto the shore he is attacked by sharks who want to eat the dead sailfish, but fails and when he gets to shore the sharks have eaten for the most part all the fish, and the Cuban man stumbles back to his shack feeling hes a failure and felt worthless. The townspeople maxim the fish bones and thought of the fisherman as a s uccess even though he was asleep when the people were viewing this, not knowing what they had thought. VI. The Code men doing manly things, being a man in a manly way. This is a way men can preserve masculinity in a real way by doing manly things. Charles Lindbergh, 1902 1974 I. Bg. biggest hero of the 1920s for everyone at this time. A. Minnesota + Washington DC born in Minn. In 1902. Mother name was Lands and her florists chrysanthemum was a dentist. Lindbergh family was very rich. Didnt socialize well and was left out, had few friends, and his bob was his best friend. Always referred to his dog as his best friend. Moved to D. C. to spend time w/his pa and was around congress and politics. II. Tech & tenor cream offs A. Univ. of Wisconsin, 1920 attended the univ. and had an apartment w/his mom off campus. He had bad grades so he and his mom took time away and went on a road trip to Cali. B.Flying 1. Excelsion in Nebraska Acquires a excelsior motorcycle and when he got back to Minnesota he traded it for a Jenny Airplane, then flew it to Lambert Field. 2. Lambert Field, St. Louis extensive aviation place. 3. Flying Circuses traveled with the circus and did airplane acrobatics, made money doing this. (Parachute jumping, airplane walking, and other ways to earn money. ) 4. Army, 1924 enlisted in Army Air core. Army had best airplanes and he joined so he could fly the best and fastest airplanes. Received Ceremonial General and Army didnt want Lindbergh in army bc he didnt fit into the system. . Airmail, 1926 Lindberghs plane crashed 2x and he took the mail with him when he bailed out. Crashed due to fleeting into bad weather. Got the name lucky lindy bc of this. III. 1927 A. The Accomplishment he planned to fly across the Atlantic from N. Y. to Paris. Tried to buy a mono winged airplane, was unable to so he contacted Ryan Aircraft in San Diego to buy one from them. St. Louis bankers gave him money to buy it as long as their name was on the pla ne. His planes name was Spirit of St. Louis. He made the trip in about 33 hours, all being about 20 miles off of the destination in Paris.He flew around looking for the field and people heard him and they parked their cars creating a runway with the cars headlights. B. Well, we made it what Lindbergh has said when he get and got out of the plane. said we bc he was talking about his him and his plane that made the trip. C. Why such a hero? Hero bc he made it, survived, worldwide jubilation, became a celebrity, wrote a book called we. Caused Great Depression I. Structuralist II. Monetarist (Rose and Milton Friedman) A. Depression Cycles 1. Runs and stop payments 2. Positive result B. Federal curb 1. Benjamin Strong one of 12 presidents of a fed. allow for bank. Dominated fed. Reserve systems. Became defacto chairman of the Fed. Reserve banks. Died in 1928. After he died their was squabbling and fighting to arrest next president overseer. 2. Bank of the U. S. C. F. D. R. Failur e 1. Moratorium (temporarily stopping business) cause a sensation of banking monetarily by shutting them down for a few months. Hoover proposed this but would not establish it until the next president came to office. F. D. R. declines this and wants to come up with his own idea. 1932-33 no bank moratorium happened and this is when banks failed and 14 out of 48 states that had open banks.Great Depression Stats and Conditions I. Business A. US Steal, ex. Operating at 19. 1% capacity. In 1928 made and sold 60 locomotives and in 1933 they only sold 1. B. computer memory Market stocks dropped to 11% total loss of $74 billion. property and wealth disappeared. C. Banks (5,000) D. Bankruptcy 86,000 businesses declared bankruptcy and many others just shrank. E. G. N. P. (Gross Natl Product) 124$ billion in 1928 and 1933 dropped to 41 billion. Economy shrank by over 60%. Started in 29 and continues to pass of 33. II. Families A. Wages 1928 a family of 4 inescapably $2000 a year to exist.Making less than this youre poor. In 1932 average family wage is $16. 21 a week making it less than $1000 a year. %60 of families below poverty line. Almost 2/3 of the U. S. universe is poor. B. Evictions people losing their homes and in 1932 273,000 people are evicted, losing their homes. C. Emigration > immigration more people were leaving the U. S. than people were entering the U. S. D. Unemployment 15-17 Million people sluggish and 34 million were affected. (Industrial type of family) For agricultural families they had a family size of 7-8, and 11 million were affected.With this combined 1/3 of the U. S. tribe was unemployed. III. Why No Revolution? Hitler comes to power in the 1930s in Europe. No renewal in the U. S. A. Guilt American population blamed themselves, known as the protestant work ethic. (God favors the rich and threatening working, you will be prosperous if you work hard. If you fail its your fault bc the U. S. is land of opportunity. Citizens are addicted to blame themselves during the depression, thought its Gods punishment for the behavior that went on in the 1920s. ) Altruistic suicide Neil Dunkein came up with this.The father/husband thinks that his family will be better without him bc he is a failure and drag the family down. B. Radical Heritage C. Business advantage A. Alfred Butts created scrabble and became rich B. Howard Johnson opened up an ice cream shop that became a successful business chain next to movie theatres and became rich C. J. Paul Ghetto in the anoint industry, his industry didnt go under like most did. He bought up bankrupt oil companies and became a multi billionaire by converting oil factories to gas ones. IV. FARMS 90% in 1770s to 30% in the 1930s and less than 2% today. People are migrating off farms.Declining farm commodities is driving people away. A. Prices drop wheat is 25 cents, oats 10 cents, hogs and beef 2 ? cents per lb. , corn 7 cents a bushel. Costs a $1. 10 to raise a sheep and sell wool and you can only make 1$ back. Prices are not enough to be sufficient. No profit to be made. drouth comes upon farmers in the 30s and makes it worse. B. Dust Bowl refers to a geographic area out in the Oklahoma & Texas panhandle, parts of Kansas and New Mexico. Oklahoma got the image as being from the dust bowl. Long-term thing that pushed people of their land and went out west looking for jobs. Outsiders called those people Okies.V. The pogey refers to private charity in place when unemployment hits. A. Local Relief $5. 50 a week from charity a week, 286$ a year in Philly. NY is $2. 37 a week, 123$ a year & Mississippi is $1. 50 a week, 178$ a year. You have to be completely broke (no relatives to live with, no home, no job and if you accept this your kids cant go to school bc your not paying taxes since you have no property bc people pay taxes to support schools). B. Stigma VI. Middle Class Impact A. Psych Burden Falls on the women, creating a return to do mesticity. Returns to wife and get down stayiat home doing housework. B.Street Smarts finding ways to save money (dine and dash, repairing your shoes on your own instead of buying new ones if falling apart, reusing bed sheets, pickaxe up on as much food for as inadequate as possible) VII. Changing US Attitudes A. Business status decreases B. Family Structure 1. prop their own Women take overing their own as the domesticity returns. C. Federal Status/Image- only federal action can cure the situation. Acceptance of federal front in everyones lives (G-men come about, FBI ) D. Changing U. S. Appearance pollution declines, wet and air is cleaner, traffic is less, petty crimes increase.Movies increase as well as gas production. Okie migration, black farmers are leaving the farms in the south. Herbert Hoover 1874-1964 I. stem 19th century traditionalist A. In 1895 he had 40$, invested it and in 1908 had $4million B. Youth he was orphaned off from Iowa he went to Oregon at age 7. C. Stanford B. S. 1895 1. Elected class treasurer, ran for office 2x and won both. Graduated with a B. S. in Geology. D. Hard rock miner mining through granite, pyrogenic rock, rocks that require blasting and you go 1,000s of feet underground. 1. Nevada 1895-97 worked here in the silver boom-mining period.Lost his job when the rush was over, so he didnt give u, he went to Alaska unemployed. 2. Alaska Gold Rush 1897 A. Afghan Mine closed abandoned mine. Hoover investigated and using his geology skills he found that their was more gold to be found. Goes around and raises 500,000$ to onstruct a deep rock mine. He was successful and they dug out $55 million worth of gold and the investors got a 10$ million dollar profit. With this success he became a mining consultant. 3. Consultant he became a mining consultant going around helping mine companies shot in mines and be more successful and sufficient.E. World Travels 1. Boxer sedition 1900 Boxers were rebelling the Chinese empero r about the European influence. Hoover was in Peking China with his wife and saved innocent victims from a impatient building. 2. WWI too old to fight, but is helping out with distributing American soldiers on the line. Serves on Commission of Relief, distributing relief to soldiers throughout the war. Food Admin was place up and it wasnt doing very well so Hoover was appointed to this administration making it work terming it Hooverizing the administration due to the success with him in charge. F. Sec. f Commerce Harding was elected Hoover became Sec. of Commerce. II. Hoover and depression A. President, 1928-32, 29-33 B. Causes of Depression Stock market crashed in 29, Hoover believed not to do anything sentiment it would can out the inefficient and the country will just ride it out. He believes the problems are external rooting from WWI debts such as war debts and reparation, thinking the European weakness was dragging us down. During the depression he was back up everyone , keeping businesses open, not striking or firing employees, but he was becoming aware this was doing nothing significant. C. Policy 1.Inaction did nothing to help the economy until he realized the economy wouldnt recover itself. 2. Action By 1929 he enacted a Tax cut on the Ag. Market known as Ag. Marketing Act. This was enactive so the fed came up with $5mil for Ag farmers to corrupt excess farm material and store them until the commodity price rose and they could sell it back off. This was ineffective in 1929 as well. Smoot Hawley Tariff was created face lift tariff from 50 to 100% meant to be a wall protect the American economy from the weak European economy. He then enacted a 1 year free of paying off loan payments from the European countries to the U.S. this did not work either. III. Bonus Army, 1932 Hoover in 1932 enacted the Recon. Finance Corp. meant to give large corporations 2. 5$ billion in loans in the states to do unified work hiring workers, making the money tr ickle down. Doesnt work either. Doesnt work. Home Loan Bank Act in 1932 was created loaning money to banks so people could keep their houses, renegotiating mortgage rates and avoid foreclosure. The subsisting space of a few months did not stall the foreclosure rates, just stalled it, bc if people still were unemployed they couldnt pay the banks. Stipulations given to WWI veterans. A.WWI adjust (compensation certificates, 1924) B. Walter Hot Waters gave fiery speeches at govt. advocating that payments to veterans be paid now not wait unitl the 1940s. Characterized as leader of the veteran movement. Wanted a defect on Washington bc Hoover vetoed this bill allowing vets to be paid early. C. Congress vs. Hoover D. American Legion veteran organization, they hostile early payment do not support bonus march on Washington. They support Hoover and his veto of early payments. E. Bonus March, summer 1932 veterans were mostly homeless, they hopped on trains and hitchhiked and there were in-between 10-20,000 appear in D.C. They flocked to Potomac flats and set up shanty towns/boxes for housing. Requires a structured living quarters. I. Anacostia Flats some of these veterans move into rundown buildings and factories. When the police tried to remove them they threw bricks and stuff to ward off the cops. 1. Hoover image vs. Reality he was considered to be unsympathetic and hard nosed. 2. Gen. D. MacArthur Helped assist the Washington police to remove veterans from the buildings w/army war and they destroyed the buildings and encampments as well. Looked scary and really bad on the live newsfeed that captured it.Hoover did not order this, MacArthur did this on his own. Hoover criticized MacArthur in private voice his displeasures. II. Hoover Reviled Reviled bc his image was him ordering the veterans to me killed and removed when in fact this was not true. Hoover blankets (sleeping on benches covered with newspapers), hoovervilles (living quarters made out of cardboa rd shacks), and hoover hog (whatever edible food you could find and make or eat) was named while he was president. Last stint as a huge public icon. A. Pop Culture B. Election C. Rehabilitation, 1950 and 60 FDR & New DealsI. FDR Most dominant political figure in American history, elected 4 straight times. He felt it was appropriate and just the fact that he could get elected tells how powerful and influential he was. A. Beginning and youth. He was distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt. Heritage went back to a wealthy English family that was luxurious and didnt have to work bc the family had millions. Grew up in the rich community, but he was hard working man who went to a private academy and attended Harvard. Worked as Police Commissioner in NY and served as assistant secretary of the navy.B. Polio, 1921 attacks fluid in spinal anaesthesia column and kills nerves, paralyzing hips, knees and legs. If moved to youre diaphragm then you had the aggressive type. Roosevelt had non-agg ressive and was paralyzed from the waist down. He caught this when on vacation while on a party boat that housed a dozen or so people. limpid back to the boat caught his polio after he swam from an island. Without polio he supposedly would not have the same success he would without it. People that voted for him knew he had polio. II. 1932 Election A. Gov. of NY B.New Deal provide people with a do over, that would rescue the country from the depression. C. Brain swear old progressive idea. intend he relies on expert knowledge. Hiring people in fields that are the smartest, president doesnt know everything of every field. These people were his Brain Trusts listed below. They were the ones advising him on what decisions to make. He would make final decision of their arguments on certain topics. A. Ray Moley the mole pro business, wrote some of early speeches for FDR. B. Louie Howe FDRs oldest friend. Helped him with rehab and stayed by his side.Grounding to reality type of perso n to keep him intact with reality. C. Jim Farley thing between White House and Democrats. D. raise Hopkins Became the face of the New Deal. Head of WPA. E. Rexford Tugwell Head of TPA. Economics professor at Columbia Univ. III. 1st 100 Days, 1st New Deal outpouring of rule. 14 major pieces of legislation were passed. This means congress passed legislation that were not finalized, they were outlined, congress passed them and president Roosevelt oked them. A. First inaugural the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Pep talk to not get people depressed. B. FDR StyleA. Pragmatist mot tied to any ideology, makes decisions based on certain instances. He calls himself this, not publicly, but he thinks of himself as a political quarterback. Make radical ideas until the economy is back to par, and then he will become conservative. B. final exam Arbiter he had the final say so in the locker and if you didnt agree you got out. C. Genius? Yes and No. Wasnt always the brightest, he was a second class student, but confident in the ideas and philosophies he did have. 1. Intellect 2. Empathy and charisma people liked him bc he had this, just something that came naturally. D. Use of Media 1.Fireside Chats people listed to his speeches by the fire, communicating directly to people in their living rooms. Big power that he used to his advantage. 2. 16 Friends FDR controlled the press, most of these were paper editors. He used these informal friends to write stories, shave stories for the better and not tell some stories in their papers. 3. Govt. Shorts refers to short films, promoting heterogeneous govt. programs. The Plow that Broke the Plains and The River. Appeared in the movie theatres that were in-between movie films. IV. Eleanors Role FDRs wife. Allowed herself to be used by her husband for political purposes.If he was unsure about an idea how it would play with the public, he would have his wife propose the issue, looking like she would give them th e idea, and the President and footlocker members would wait for the press to respond and see how they took the news to know if it would be a good idea. Helped insulate her husband from political fallout when necessary. V. 1st 100 days & 1st New Deal A. storage locker 1. Henry Wallace 2. Harold Ickes 3. Frances Perkins 1st effeminate cabinet member, lawyer by training. 4. Harry Hopkins B. Legislation 1. Banking Crisis over 5,000 banks closed and people that had money in them lost it all.A. Bank holiday declared bank holiday over open fireplace chats closing all banks for 1-2 weeks. Designed to make the public be less panicky. B. Banking Act Gives President authority to close the banks. Takes U. S. off gold standard. constitution money no longer tied to amount of gold in federal repository. C. Glass-Steagle Act June of 1933, reform legislation. Separates commercial and investment banking. Establishes FDIC, still in place today. 1. FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . $5,000 limit at the time. 2. interior(a) Industrial thinky Act 1st solution to recover the industrial industry.Created NRA (National Recovery Administration). A. NRA & Blue Eagle symbols of politics B. Public works PWA NRA oversaw this. $3 Billion went to support PWA projects, paid %40-60, which was labor costs. C. Codes of Fair contender 1. Title 1, Section 7A 3. Agricultural Adjustment Act A. Goals B. Actions encouraged farmers to destroy livestock and crops. 1. Short Term 2. Long term Estab. program of pension to farmers to limit them on their crop growth C. Criticism burning of crops and killing livestock b/c people are on the streets starvation at the time. If youre going to subsidize farmers farm everyone else.D. Success scratch downward spiral of overproduction. 4. Civilian Conservation Corps A. Goals Create jobs for youth men Employs some 300,000 men, segregated B. Program employ males in the age range of 18-25 that are married and jobless. 30$ monthly. Doing natural resource work (fighting fires, building buildings, fixing up communities, conservation type work). C. Criticism- CCC men are referred to as Military Brown Shirts. This is compared to things going on in Germany. People assert this to Roosevelts private army. D. Success did a 180-degree flutter and became very successful based on the pics.Becomes one of the most fashionable ideas out of the New Deal. 5. Tennessee Valley Authority A. Goals B. Accomplished C. Criticism D. Success New Deals I. Evaluations A. Relief Roosevelt credited w/preserving American democratic institutions. B. Recover Considered to be a failure. WWII solved the depression not the reforms. C. Reform put into place regulations, preserving prosperity. Insufficient reforms or to many reforms had be pulled back and repealed? Women and Great Depression I. Family status A. Marriage rates decline. Put on hold b/c of uncertainty of the future. B.Divorce rates decline. Increased in the 1920s, but collapsed i n the 30s due to having to separate and having a lack of opportunities outside of marriage. C. Births declining rates. II. Ag Women A. Rates are down Ag families having 5-6 kids per family are becoming less. B. Rural Electrification electricity to the farms were beneficial and helped even during the depression. 1935 1-10 Farms have electricity. 1941 4-10 farms have electricity. III. Working women A. 1930 census 11 million women working constitute 24% of female population and are 22% of all workers at the time. B. 940 Census 13 million women working constitute 25% of the female population and are 25% of all the workers at the time. IV. Gender Roles and Feminism A. Domesticity is up the word feminism changes in its connotation. B. Role Models 1. Feminists Eleanor has an all female staff, gaining training in political world. 2. Traditional serving her husband as first lady. Women in sports represented the new woman in the 1920s. In the 30s you had to be beautiful and have female qu alities if you wanted to be an athlete. All women were expected to be attractive. Depression Hollywood I.Stats 60-80 movies a week and 500 a year. 1930s attendance was 10 million. Quarter for adult and 10 cents for a kid. In between movies you saw cartoon, govt. short or other reels. II. Studios MGM, 20th Century Fox, Paramount, Warner Bros. and RKO are the only studios that survived. Continue in vertical integration and wanted to control everything, working out deals to make profits and show movies in each others studios. A. Formula Evolution III. Cynicism in 1934 Hollywood is pushing censorships. IV. Censorship Est. A. Production Code, 1930 sometimes called the 10 commandments for movies of what they can and cant do.Violence is euphemistic, human relationships are moderated. B. Movies 1931-33 by this time the producers are violating their own codes. Brief depictions of female nudity. immoral and boycotting are becoming threatening. Uproar is so great that Hollywood takes actio n, thinking htat if audience wont come then they finally stop with this and hire joseph Breen to view and censor movies from 1934 on. C. Joseph Breen looks at scripts and tears out the parts that cant be portrayed. (You can say pregnant in movies, so you say a woman is expecting.You cant show a woman and man in bed unless one of them has a foot on the floor even if married. Hetero-social circumstances disappear due to the thought of scaring the audience away and losing money. ) Dance/musicals are the only way a man and woman can be embracing and moving in the 1960s. V. Up Beat A. Hollywood 1934 IV. Womens Roles A. Light and Dark means virtuous woman (light woman) and she always gets the guy at the end. The dark woman (licentious woman) who goes after the guy and gets him for a moment eventually comes to a bad head and he goes to get the light woman.

The NYU scholarship on public health graduate program

I am pleased to apply for the NYU scholarship on public health graduate plan. Since learning is a continuous lifetime process, I endlessly wanted to gain knowledge of something innovative that exit make me a better, rational and worthy person.To complement with the dynamic changes of society and provide the high-end demands of day-by-day life, e rattling individual who thirsts for knowledge of information needs further studies in order to sustain such changes and demands. I deem that I will learn some the worlds philosophies and applications in adaptation of its very nature and its elements in connection to International Business and Management geared towards health care.My career objectives in taking up advance guinea pig in this field are to become a competent and knowledge able-bodied person when it comes to governance and to learn more for the purpose of service. With the learning experiences that I will acquire in the University, I will be able to materialize all my int entions in serving other people specially those who are in need.I believe that my training and experiences have prepared me for this pleasant of task since I consider myself result-oriented with a strong entrepreneurship background. My passion for healthcare management has led me towards the publication of a self-motivational weight-loss book called, Kimchi Diet.Together with these skills, I have further honed my knowledge in the area of driving course process, qualitative and quantitative market research and customer service improvements. As a Hospital Strategic Planner, I have achieved significant results think to promoting the growth of the group to where I belong, developing innovative curriculum for strong new staff training thereby increasing overall leaf node volume.In the same vein, I have incorporated my skills in designing and implementing E-commerce sites and meshing portals in HR communication when I worked at The Gillette Company in Boston Massachusetts. While t here, I actual Content Management dust for various web projects within the company.I am positive that the innate leaders and powerful drive for service within me will be developed while I am in the institution. I bequeath my humblest leadership, lettering and school spirit for the quest of knowledge. With the acquired knowledge I will have, I am certain to elevate and make better changes in benignant life not only in the campus but in the association where I belong and intend to serve. My optimism will help bring sagacity and wisdom to the all people who need my assistance and service.I want to cover my help to other students in integrating their interests in global, regional and contemporary issues. Through my own dealings of life over the years and a handful of experiences in and out of the four-corners of the classroom, I have grown to be a more responsible and mature person.Indeed, acquiring training in Public Heath Graduate Program will be the start-off step that I nee d to take to be able to action my goals. I believe this program will help eager and esurient students like me with its curriculum possessing local and international focus and commitment for excellence. The program is what I need to develop a fuller understanding about the dynamic nature of public health.

A Telephone Based Wireless Remote Controller

AbstractA reverberate based radio recipient role schema for the inappropriate operation of the phratry appliances is proposed. The telephone, acting as a remote reassureler, generates a DTMF prognostic synonymous to each dialed digit which is born- once again to a BCD code by the Telephone porthole circuit. This is given as input to the vector module which is whence purposed to fit discordant home appliances through a manslayer module. Data impact stages of the vector and receiver modules have been implemented use digital components, thereby avoiding achievable use of conventional devices uniform monostable multivibrators.Due to the in full digital nature, the proposed instauration is little complex and hence the implementation is cost effective. I. INTRODUCTION With the advancement in science and technology, human beings have developed a tendency to use up their e realday life amply luxurious with the aid of technology. This has led to the ontogeny of many sophisticated gadgets and equipments that assist them popially/fully in their cursory activities. Operating all such electronic/electrical instruments in a modern house might be difficult for the elderly as well as disabled people.Our primary motivation to build a simple and deplorable cost system which remotely give outs all the home appliances stems from this point. We integrate our system with a old-hat telephone great deal so that the telephone domiciliate be apply for the dual purpose of telephone and remote controller for various home appliances. The proposed system mainly consists of 3 modules, viz. , telephone interface circuit, vector and receiver. The transmitter module is in turn do up of a digital information treat prevent and a radio receiver (infr atomic number 18d) transmitter block and the eceiver module is made up of a wireless (infr bed) receiver block, digital information bear on block and a decoding block. In the scheme, a telephone receiver acts as a remote terminal to provide input Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the telephone interface circuit which converts them to be 4 s Binary Coded denary (BCD) codes. The transmitter generates an 8 cow chip roam using this BCD code to serve asynchronous communication. The receiver decodes the sure signals by and by checking for any transmission delusions (single bit) in the frame. These decoded bits act as control signals for the operation of home appliances.The system employs an asynchronous graphic symbol of communication 1 in which the transmitter and receiver clocks are independent. The receiver clock does not have any prior education regarding the phase of the transmitter clock 2. This leads to the problem of choosing the correct sampling instants at the receiver 3. Hence the data is transmit in the form of frames or else of several(prenominal) bits. Each such frame consists of pop up bits, information bits, and halt bits 1. This is explained i n detail in the subsequent sections. When the system is idle, the data touch on block of he transmitter gives constant ordered full(prenominal) production. Since the transmitter consumes more power in transmitting logical high than logical low, the payoff of data processing block is negated before transmission to go along power in the idle state. The receiver module excessively senses this and system idle whenever the transmitter is transmitting continuous logical low. The reply of a start bit changes the state of the receiver from an idle to an active state. It because has to sample the remaining data bits in the frame at right-hand(a) sampling instants. Most of the bar hardware schemes involve the use of monostable ultivibrators at the receiver to recover the data bits following the start bit. The monostable multivibrators commonly commit on variable components such as resistance and capacitance revalues, as well as they often account for a major part of the propagat ion stick arounds associated with the receiver. We have extended this treatment to a fully digital design that presents more challenging tasks including a digital output feedback. Moreover, use of all digital components in the data processing stages reduces the propagation ride out considerably. The complete design outline of all the modules of the roposed system is presented in division II. Results and discussions are given in plane section III. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section IV. II. DESIGN OUTLINE The block diagram of the proposed telephone based wireless remote control system is shown in Fig. 1. In the proposed system, the telephone set performs the dual serve wells of telephony and remotely controlling various devices. The remote control mode of the telephone stomach be activated by air pressure from the keypad of the telephone. After the desired tasks are accomplished, should be touch again to deactivate the control system.This is one of the functions of the telephone interface circuit, which is discussed next. A. Telephone embrasure Circuit The telephone interface circuit integrates the designed system with the regular telephone system. As shown in Fig. 2, it basically performs the job of receiving the signals from the local eyelet and converting them to the standard digital signals in the BCD format. When any telephone button is pressed, a unique DTMF signal is produced for a short duration 4 which is converted to corresponding BCD code by a standard DTMF to BCD converter (KT-3170) 5.The dual lumber frequencies and the BCD codes associated with each dialed digit are shown in Table 1. The system clay in the idle state until button is pressed which sets the telephone to remote control mode. This mode remains activated until button is pressed again. This is recognise in the hardware by using the BCD code corresponding to as the clock to toggle the J-K flip-flop (74112). The flip-flop output toggles whenever the button is pressed and this is directly use to control the mode of operation of the telephone. The DSO output of KT-3170 5 is used to generate a start it for the system as it is logical high whenever a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. As the latched 4-bit BCD code is directly available at the output of KT-3170, it is given as such to the data processing block of the transmitter. These data bits are then processed to facilitate asynchronous communication as explained below. B. Transmitter The 4-bit output of KT-3170 arsehole not be directly transmitted as individual bits as the proposed system employs asynchronous mode of communication. The 4-bit BCD code is then transmitted as frames for proper reception 1.We have chosen an eight bit frame for our system which consists of a start bit followed by quaternary data bits, a parity bit and two stop bits. mirror symmetry bit enables the system to detect any single bit error during transmission. Stop bits mar k the ending of the frame. The frame is then transmitted using infrared (IR) transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, the transmitter mainly consists of two blocks which are explained below. 1) Fully Digital Data Processing Block This block performs the function of converting individual bits to 8-bit frames in order to carry asynchronous communication.First bit of the frame is the start bit (taken as 0) which is generated when any of the buttons is pressed. The succeeding 4 bits are the data bits (BCD code) generated by the telephone interface circuit as explained before. future(a) bit is taken as parity check bit generated by XORing the first 5 bits of the frame. Last 2 bits, termed as stop bits, are taken as 1. Following the generation of the start bit, the data bits are loaded in the parallel to serial converter (74165) using a D-type flip-flop (7474) and the frame is transmitted serially. 2) IR Transmitter Block This module transmits the frames enerated in the previous section using an IR emitting diode. The data to be transmitted is modulated using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a immune carrier square wave of 38 kHz. The transmission range of the system is and so passing improved over the case when data is transmitted without modulation. As the data processing stage gives logical high output in the idle state, it is negated before transmission to save power. Thus, a logical low is actually transmitted whenever the system is in idle state. C. manslayer The receiver also has 2 working states, viz. , idle and active.It remains in the idle state until it detects a start bit. It then receives the frame starting signal from the start bit and checks for a single bit error. If error is detected, no action mechanism is taken and the information has to be transmitted again by the user. The received data bits are then decoded which act as control signals for the operation of various appliances. As is evident from Fig. 3, receiver circuit can be subdivided into 3 blocks which are explained below. 1) IR Receiver Block This block receives the transmitted frames and converts the signal back to Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) levels.A standard 38 kHz IR receiver (TSOP 1738) 6 is used for this purpose. 2) Sampling quantify Generator The main function of this block is to generate a sampling instant at approximately the middle of the transmitted bit interval. The start bit activates this block and loads counter 1 (4-bit up-counter) with value 0. The clock frequency of this counter is 16 times the bit rate. When the output of this counter changes from 7 to 8, the most significant bit changes from 0 to 1 and this rising edge is used as the sampling instant for the data.Start bit also loads the counter 2 (4-bit down-counter) with the frame size i. e. , 8. When this reaches the value 0, the whole block is disabled and is reactivated only when next start bit arrives. 3) Data Sampler and Decoder The serial input data is sampled according to the sampli ng instant generated in the previous stage and is converted to parallel form using serial to parallel converter (74164). This data is then checked for any 1-bit errors by XORing the bits. If error is found, no action is taken and the data has to be retransmitted. If no errors are found, the data is decoded using 4-16 decoder (74154) and he signal is given to the appliance for the completion of the corresponding task. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed system has been fully implemented and successfully tested in the standard telephone local loop. The transmitter, kept near the telephone set, taps the DTMF signal from the local loop and transmits the corresponding data frame wirelessly. This signal is received by the receiver installed at the switch board. It decodes the data and takes the corresponding action. At least ten control signals, corresponding to each digit from 0 to 9, can be generated using a standard telephone set.The transmitter was previously implemented without a modulator where the IR LED was kept ON for transmitting logical high and OFF for transmitting logical low. This modified the distance among the transmitter and receiver to a maximum of 30 cms for proper reception. The range of the wireless system has increased to several meters after modulating the data using 38 kHz square wave. This range also depends on the current flowing through the infrared diode which has to be properly tuned to maximize the range. A standard TSOP 1738 receiver is used in the proposed ystem, which requires a minimum burst length of 10 cycles for proper detection. This puts an swiftness limit on the data rate supported by our system which is practically observed to be 2. 8 kbps 5. The IR transmitter is highly directional and requires the receiver to be in line of sight of the transmitter. The reception angle of the receiver is observed to decrease with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver. This is because of the fact that the power is not uniformly distributed and is concentrated in narrow transmission angle.Moreover, the signal power reduces when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased. So, the receiver has to be highly aligned with transmitter when operate at some substantial distance from it. This problem is of not lots concern for our system because the transmitter and receiver, being static in nature, can be properly aligned at the time of installation. The data processing blocks of both the transmitter and the receiver are fully digital in nature. This comprehensively reduces the propagation delays involved and increases the rate at which data can be processed in these blocks.Though, data rate is not very important in the present application but this feature makes the design of our data processing blocks suitable for high data rate applications which are commonly seen in wired communication. IV. CONCLUSIONS A wireless system has been proposed to operate the home appliances remote ly using a standard telephone set. This has been successfully tested and is found to be working satisfactorily within a distance of 10 meters. The telephone receiver performs a dual-function of telephony and remotely controlling various devices with the help of its button on the keypad.The telephone interface circuit is easily integrated with the standard local loop consequently avoiding any changes in the telephone set. Hence, the proposed system is compatible with any type of telephone working on standard local loop. The system employs asynchronous mode of communication which avoids the need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, thus making our system less complex and hence cost effective. The proposed fully digital innovative design of the data processing blocks reduces the propagation delay and makes them useful for even high data rate applications.Moreover, the system is undecided of detecting the single bit errors occuring during transmission. The proposed sys tem can be used in a wide range of practical applications such as speed control of motors, switching of appliances, control of robots, etc. The above discussed characteristics like simple design, high practical utility and easy installation makes our system highly marketable. REFERENCES 1 Gorry Fairhurst. asynchronous Communication Online. Available http//www. erg. abdn. ac. uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/async. html. 2 D. Comer, Computer Networks and profitss with Internet Applications.Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall, 2004. 3 A. Subramanian, V. P. S. Makh and A. Mitra, A New Digital Transceiver Circuit for Asynchronous Communication, Enformatika Trans. , vol. 8, pp. 237-241, Oct. 2005. 4 DTMF Background Online. Available http// www. ece. utexas. edu/mason/codesign/dtmf. html. 5 Samsung Electronics Datasheet. KT3170 Low Power DTMF Receiver Online. Available http//www. ortodoxism. ro/datasheets/SamsungElectronic/mXuusvq. pdf. 6 Vishay Semiconductors Datasheet. Photo Modules fo r PCM Remote Control Systems Online. Available http//www. vishay. com/docs/82030/82030. pdf